Conde AP World History Chapter 4 Flashcards

10860414724	Zoroastrianism	religion in early Persia a prophet named Zarathustra created it believed in Ahura Mazda was followed by some in Mesopotamia, Egypt, and Anatolia never became and active missionary religion	0
10805763251	Buddhism Appeal	to lower class groups and women available in local language of Pali not just in Sanskrit	1
10727190666	Communist view of Confucianism	associated with class inequality, patriarchy, feudalism, superstition and all things old and backward	2
10727244856	Religion Revival	Buddhism Daoism Christianity	3
10727277756	Cultural Traditions Emereged	In 500 B.C.E, in China, India, the Middle East, and Greece	4
10727330127	Upanishads	A major book in Hinduism that is often in the form of dialogues that explored the Vedas and the religious issues that they raised. external ritual gave way to introspective thinking idea of Brahman "The World Soul" Set Buddhism in motion	5
10727350418	Monotheistic Religion Tradition	Zoroastrianism in the Middle East	6
10727367901	Greece	had the first rational and humanistic tradition found in writings by Socrates, Plato, Aristotle and others	7
10727387236	Chinese and Greek Thinking	focused on the affairs of this world and credited human rationality with the power to understand that reality	8
10727405209	Indian, Persian, and Jewish Thinking	explored the unseen realm of the divine and the relationship of God or gods to human life	9
10727465443	What led to religion coming about?	growing cities increased trade the prominence of merchant classes emergence of new states and empires new contacts among civilizations had people asking fundamental life questions	10
10727502722	Legalist Answer to Disorder	answer to the problems lay in laws strict and clearly spelled out rules system of rewards and punishments pessimistic view on life	11
10727528429	Confucian Answer to Disorder	moral example of superiors if superior party behaved a certain way then others would follow	12
10727566070	Ren	An attitude of kindness and benevolence or a sense of humanity for Confucianism.	13
10727569392	Confucianism and Education	emphasized education as the key to moral betterment liberal arts like language, literature, history, philosophy, and ethics rituals and ceremonies	14
10727606989	Family in Chinese Culture	Ancestor veneration model for political life rigidly patriarchal	15
10727614980	Filal Piety	respect shown by children for their parents and elders	16
10727645261	Zhao and Education	called for greater education for younger girls so that they would be better prepared to serve their future husband	17
10727657373	Wen	refined qualities of rationality, scholarship, and literacy Confucian beliefs	18
10727664697	Wu	physical and martial achievements men are superior Confucian beliefs	19
10727688548	Confucian Ideas	meant to restore old golden age revolutionary	20
10727706322	Daoist Answer to Disorder	urged withdrawal into the world of nature spontaneous individual and natural behavior	21
10727725659	Dao	way of nature the underlying and unchanging principle that governs all natural phenomena	22
10727785004	Daoism and Family	complementary and balance between males and females	23
10727794377	Yin and Yang	In Daoist belief, complementary factors that help to maintain the equilibrium of the world. One is associated with masculine, light, and active qualities while the other with feminine, dark, and passive qualities.	24
10746537688	Indian Culture	embraced the divine had elaborate philosophical visions about the nature of ultimate reality	25
10770693178	Hinduism	no historical founder spread into SE Asia derived itself from outsiders such as the Greeks Muslims and British	26
10770846252	Vedas	collections of poems, hymns, prayers, and rituals compiled by Brahmans transmitted orally for centuries suggest patriarchal society where upper-clss women still had greater oppurtunities reduced to writing in Sanskrit around 600 B.C.E	27
10770869126	Vedas Writing	tell of small competing chiefdoms or kingdoms, of sacred sounds and fires, of numerous gods, rising and falling in importance	28
10791365331	Vedic women	participated in religious sacrifices, engaged in scholarship and religious debate, and were allowed to read the sacred clothing of those of the higher class	29
10791482843	Brahman	the eternal essence of reality and the source of the universe, beyond the reach of human perception and thought	30
10791496488	Hinduism + Brahman	assertion of Brahman was atman end goal was to end the illusory perception of a separate existence (moksha) samsara(sansar) or reincarnaton involved many lifetimes and karma	31
10791785771	Hinduism + Gender System	women were seen as "unclean below the navel" and were forbidden to learn the Vedas	32
10791915230	The Laws of Manu	described a divinely ordained social order and articulated a gender system whose ideals endured for at least a milenium taught that all embryos were were male and only weak semen created female babies advocated child marriage for girls to men far older than themselves female subject to father then husband	33
10791964500	Hinduism + Empowerment	sexual pleasure was a legitimate goal fro both genders and the Kamasutra have techniques to help many Hindu deities were female women were prominent in the growing devotional cults dedicated to certain deities	34
10792051632	Moksha	achieved in various ways through knowledge or study detached action in the world doing ones work without regard to consequences	35
10792074568	Buddhism	has a historical founder Siddhartha Gautama suffering or sorrow was the central feature of life(dukkha) and was derived from desire following the Buddhist path would most likely lead to nirvana male monks could admonish nuns but not the other way around	36
10792256955	Buddhist Nuns	thousands of women wanted to become nuns because it gave them freedom from their husbands and daily household chores which the were succumbed to	37
10792280671	Stupas	a dome-shaped structure erected as a Buddhist shrine	38
10859394003	Theravada Buddhism	"The Teaching of the Elders" early form of Buddhism according to which the Buddha was a wise teacher but not divine emphasizes practices rather than beliefs.	39
10859465428	Nalanda	a famous Buddhist university and monastery located in the eastern Ganges Valley helped in the spread of Buddhism through Asia, one of the first formalized instruction centers	40
10859608223	Xuanzang	A famous Chinese Buddhist monk, scholar, traveler, and translator who described the interaction between China and India in the early Tang period. He became famous for his 17 year trip to India and back.	41
10859698391	Mahayana Buddhism	"Great Vehicle" branch of Buddhism followed in China, Japan, and Central Asia focus is on reverence for Buddha and for bodhisattvas	42
10859714909	Bodhisattvas	Buddhas-to-be who stayed in the world after enlightenment to help others on the path to salvation	43
10859739524	Buddhism Decline in India	reincorporated into Hinduism because of the mounting wealth of monasteries economic interests of their leading figures competition from Islam	44
10859754374	Mahabharata	the longest single poem in the world, about a war fought between two branches of the same family. One of India's greatest epics written between 1000 and 700 BC	45
10859758380	Ramayana	One of the great epic tales from classical India; traces adventures of King Rama and his wife, Sita; written 4th to 2nd centuries B.C.E.	46
10859761649	Bhagvad Gita	"Song of the Lord", sacred religious text; provides guiding principles for a life of conscious action for inner peace through connection with God. sermon by the god Krishna on the eve of a major battle	47
10859771124	Krishna	one of the most popular gods, the eighth and most important avatar or incarnation of Vishnu	48
10859775925	Bhakti	devotion to a deity or guru	49
10859778507	Vishnu	A Hindu god considered the preserver of the world	50
10859780400	Shiva	A Hindu god considered the destroyer of the world.	51
10860413215	Monotheism	belief in only one god	52
10860468445	Angra Mainyu	evil spirit in zoroastrianism the explanation for the presence of evil in the world	53
10860475015	Zoroastrianism Decline	Alexander the Great took over and it was disastrous for Zoroastrianism because temples, writings, and priests were destroyed survived this new ruler and flourished during Parthian and Sassanid dynasties Islam and the Arab empire were what officially destroyed this religion	54
10860496848	Parsis	believers of Zoroastrianism that fled to India after its death in Persia	55
10860522376	Judaism	basis of Christianity and Islam born among Hebrews traditions tell of migration from Mesopotamia to Canaan under Abraham portion of these people later fled to Egypt and were enslaved util they were reunited with their folks in Palestine according to traditions established a small state that split into two parts : Israel and Judah	56
10860569568	Israel	conquered by Assyria in 722 BCE inhabitants deported to distant regions where they assimilated	57
10860580377	Judah	came under Babylonian control elite class were shipped off to exile in exile many Jews retained and renewed cultural identity later a small number were able to return	58
10860591367	Hebrews/Jews	unique historical memory of exodus from Egypt and exile in Babylon evolved a distinct conception of God	59
10860656861	Yahweh	a powerful and jealous deity who demanded their exclusive loyalty relationship with him was a contract or covenant	60
10860764652	Second Wave Greek Thinkers	created no lasting religion of importance wanted to affirm that the world was a physical reality governed by natural laws wanted to work out a system of moral and ethical life	61
10860844891	Way of Greek Thinking	unique way of asking questions emphasis on argument, logic and relentless questioning of received wisdom enthusiasm for puzzling out the world without much reference to the gods	62
10860857667	Socrates	(470-399 BCE) An Athenian philosopher thought that human beings could lead honest lives thought honor was far more important than wealth, fame, or other superficial attributes wrote nothing down constant questioning of assumptions and logic of his students thought of as corrupting Athenian youth was sentenced to death	63
10860885332	Thales	"Father of Western Philosophy". Greek philosopher who taught that the universe had originated from water.	64
10860886982	Democritus	Greek philosopher that said all matter is made of tiny particles called "atomos" or atoms	65
10860889343	Pythagoras	A Greek philosopher and mathematician, this man was credited with the discovery that numbers are useful for more than counting physical things.	66
10860891357	Hippocrates	"Founder of Medicine" During the Golden Age in Greece he was a scientist that believed all diseases came from natural causes. He also had high ideals for physicians & an oath was made that is still used today.	67
10860893759	Herodotus	Greek Historian, considered the father of History. He came from a Greek community in Anatolia and traveled extensively, collecting information in western Asia and the Mediterranean lands.	68
10860895224	Plato	(430-347 BCE) Was a disciple of Socrates whose cornerstone of thought was his theory of Forms, in which there was another world of perfection.	69
10860898503	"The Republic"	written by Plato as the design fro a good society led by a philosopher king	70
10860902508	Aristotle	A pupil of Plato the tutor of Alexander the Great the author of works on logic, metaphysics, ethics, natural sciences, politics, and poetics he profoundly influenced Western thought	71
10860919122	Greek Legacy	Alexander's empire facilitated the spread of Greek culture Roman leaders sent their children to study in Athenian schools Christian theology was expressed using Greek philosophies also expanded into the Islamic world	72
10860959709	Jesus of Nazareth	a teacher and prophet born in Bethlehem and active in Nazareth his life and sermons form the basis for Christianity compared to Buddha	73
10860969571	Siddhartha Gautama	born to royalty and luxury became a spiritual seeker mystic in Buddhism claimed to have personally experienced another and unseen level of reality wisdom teachers instructed is followers in the practice of metta called for personal transformation original message ignored the supernatural	74
10860971984	Jesus	was a small-town worker from a distinctly low class family became a spiritual seeker mystic in Christianity claimed to have personally experienced another and unseen level of reality wisdom teachers wanted his followers to be all-loving called for personal transformation intense devotion to single deity called Abba miracles he performed reflected the power of God had a sharper social and political edge spoke on behalf of the poor and oppressed criticized the hypocrisies of the power associated himself with those considered impure	75
10860998729	Metta	In Buddhist terminology, loving-kindness	76
10861012266	Abba	A way of addressing God used by Jesus to call attention to his intimate relationship with his Heavenly Father means "my Father" or "our Father" in Aramaic.	77
10861041161	Spread of Christianity	Saint Paul was an early convert who went on many missionary journeys offered a mix of opportunities and restrictions for women earliest converts were low-stratum people spread was accompanied by reports of miracles most followers live in the Roman Empire or Middle East area	78
10861049795	Saint Paul and Saint John	early believers of Christ	79
10861065960	Mary Magdalene	a prostitute who came to hear Jesus preach and was accepted by him and became a devout follower. She is a symbol of the absolute possibility of repentance and acceptance by God. She is referred to in the Bible as the "favorite" disciple.	80
10861115708	Aramaic	A western Semitic language commonly spoken in Palestine, Syria, and Mesopotamia from the third century before Christ until AD 650. Aramaic was later replaced by Arabic.	81
10861116838	Semitic	Family of related languages long spoken across parts of western Asia and northern Africa. In antiquity these languages included Hebrew, Aramaic, and Phoenician. The most widespread modern member of the this language family is Arabic.	82
10861121521	Armenian Christianity	place where Christianity was first adopted as the state religion still a central element of Armenian national identity distinctive feature includes the ritual killing of animals at the end of a worship service	83
10861137443	Eastern Orthodox Church	a Christian religion that developed out of early Christianity in the Byzantine Empire	84
10861142850	Alopen	The first known Christian missionary to reach China	85
10861144522	Perpetua	Christian martyr from Carthage kept a diary in prison and died for the faith Educated and wealthy she died being fed to leopards.	86
10861160849	Muhammad	Arab prophet founder of religion of Islam	87
10861168182	Tertullian of Carthage	First to write about trinity wrote against pagans joined sect of Montanism	88
10861175236	Axum	Christianity became and emerging empire around the same time Armenia and Rome officially endorsed Christianity	89
10861185026	Coptic Christianity	Orthodox form of Christianity from Egypt practiced in Ethiopia	90
10861187191	Ge'ez	an ancient Ethiopian language that was once used to write literature and religious texts but is no longer spoken	91
10861192113	Spread of Buddhism	Ashoka's support gave it a considerable boost it was never promoted to the exclusion of other faiths provided a network of cultural connections across much of Asia	92
10861248333	Christianity Controversies	hierarchical organization of men difference in language, culture, and political regime made a single focus for Christian belief a struggle doctrinal differences tore at the unity	93
10861280833	Anathema	a cursed, detested person those who disagreed with what the church councils deemed Orthodox	94
10861286935	Monophysites	Egyptian Christians held this unorthodox belief that Jesus had a dingle divine nature simply occupying a human body	95
10861298684	Nestorianism	Church of the East held this unorthodox belief that Jesus was two persons and that Mary was the mother of the human Jesus, not the divine Jesus	96
10861322224	Buddhism Controversies	division between Theravada and Mahayana and other approaches stopping the division failed despite the efforts of councils	97
10861341982	Religion	sensitive subject many assumptions of an unseen world throughout the years some have challenged those assumptions even currently causes rifts between historians	98
10861363523	Change	one of the biggest tensions between historians religious aspect of human life constantly shifts	99
10861378711	Real Faith	it is often hard to figure out the authentic meanings and wants of a religion	100