AP World History - Chapter 16 Transformations in Europe Flashcards

8627072113	Papacy	The central administration of the Roman Catholic Church, of which the pope is the head.	0
8627072114	Indulgence	The forgiveness of the punishment of the punishment due for past sins, granted by the Catholic Church authorities as a reward for a pious act. Martin Luther's protest against the sale of indulgences is often seen as touching off the Protestant Reformation.	1
8627072115	Protestant Reformation	Religious reform movement within the Latin Christian Church beginning in 1519. It resulted in the "protesters" forming several new Christian denominations, including the Lutheran and Reformed Churches and the Church of England.	2
8627072116	Catholic Reformation	Religious reform movement within the Latin Christian Church, begun in response to the Protestant Reformation. It clarified Catholic theology and Reformed clerical training and discipline.	3
8627072117	Scientific Revolution	The intellectual movement in Europe, initially associated with planetary motion and other aspects of physics, that by the seventeenth century had laid the groundwork for modern science.	4
8627072118	Enlightenment	A philosophical movement in eighteenth century Europe that fostered the belief that one could reform society by discovering rational laws that governed social behavior and were just as scientific as the laws of physics.	5
8627072119	Bourgeoisie	In early modern Europe, the class of well-off town dwellers whose wealth came from manufacturing, finance, commerce, and allied professions.	6
8627072120	Joint-stock company	A business, often backed by a government charter, that sold shares to individuals to raise money for its trading enterprises and to spread the risks (and profits) among many investors.	7
8627072121	Gentry	The class of land-holding families in England below the aristrocracy.	8
8627072122	Little Ice Age	A century-long period of cool climate that began in the 1590s. Its ill effects on agriculture in northern Europe were notable.	9
8627072123	Holy Roman Empire	Loose federation of mostly Germanic states and principalities, headed by an emperor elected by princes. It lasted from, 962 to 1806.	10
8627072124	English Civil War	(1642-1649) A conflict over royal versus parliamentary rights, cause by King Henry I's arrest of his parliamentary critics and ending with his execution. Its outcome checked the growth of royal absolutism and, with the Glorious Revolution of 1688 and the English Bill of Rights of 1689, ensures that England would be a constitutional monarchy.	11
8627072125	Habsburg	A powerful European family that provided many Holy Roman Emperors, founded the Austrian (later the Austro-Hungarian) Empire, and ruled sixteenth and seventeenth century Spain.	12
8627072126	Versailles	The huge palace built for French king Louis XVI south of paris. The palace symbolized both French power and triumph of royal authority over the French nobility.	13
8627072127	Balance of Power	The policy in international relations by which, beginning in the eighteenth century, the major European states acted together to prevent any one of them from becoming too powerful.	14