AP World History Period 3 (add on) Flashcards

The Post-Classical World, 500-1450

11563669428	Bedouin	nomadic pastoralists of the Arabian peninsula with a culture based on herding camels and goats	0
11563669429	Mecca	Arabian commercial center; dominated by the Quraysh; the home of Muhammad and the future center of Islam	1
11563669482	Bahgdad	The capital of the Muslim world during the regions intellectual, economic, and political height	2
11563669430	Medina	town northeast of Mecca; asked Muhammad to resolve its intergroup differences; Muhammad's flight to Medina, the hijra, in 622 began the Muslim calendar	3
11563669483	Umayyad	The first large islamic Caliphate. Its capital was in Damascus and it favored Arabs over Persians and other ethnic groups.	4
11563669484	Arabian Nights	Collection of folk tales demonstrative of the Persian literary traditions of the Abbasid dynasty	5
11563669485	Abbasid	Islamic empire that was more cosmopolitan, more accepting of non-Arabs, and ruled the region until overthrown by the Mongols.	6
11563669486	lateen	A triangular shaped sail adopted by Muslim sailors that allowed ships better maneuverability in the open ocean	7
11563669487	Astrolabe	a tool adapted by Muslim traders that used the stars to aid maritime navigation	8
11563669488	caravan	Used camels with newly innovated saddles to carry large loads of merchandise across trade routes with incremental rest stops.	9
11563669431	Muhammad	(570-632); religious leader who claimed to be the third prophet of the God of Abraham	10
11563669432	Qur'an	the holy book of Islam	11
11563669433	Umma	community of the faithful within Islam	12
11563669434	hajj	One of the five pillars of Islam that requires all Muslims to make a pilgrimage to Mecca if they are able.	13
11563669435	Caliph	the successor to Muhammad as head of the Islamic community	14
11563669436	Ali	cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad; one of the orthodox caliphs; focus for the development of shi'ism	15
11563669437	Abu Bakr	succeeded Muhammad as the first caliph	16
11563669438	Jihad	Related to the Arabic word for struggle. Come believe it requires a physical conflict with those who challenge Islam	17
11563669439	Sunnis	followers of the majority interpretation within Islam; included the Umayyads	18
11563669440	Shi'a	followers of Ali's interpretation of Islam	19
11563669441	Dhimmis	"the people of the book"-- Jews, Christians; later extended to Zoroastrians and Hindus. Were given freedom to worship under most Islamic empires but sometimes faced some extra burdens like increased taxes	20
11563669489	Sikhism	South Asian Belief system that blends ideas from Hinduism and Islam	21
11563669490	Anatolia	Modern day Turkey. Was the center of power for the Ottoman empire.	22
11563669442	Hadiths	"traditions" of the prophet Muhammad; added to the Qur'an, form the essential writings of Islam	23
11563669443	Dhows	Arab sailing vessels; equipped with lateen sails; used by Arab merchants	24
11563669491	Sharia	Islmic holy law that draws its inspiration from Muslim holy texts	25
11563669444	Seljuk Turks	nomadic invaders from central Asia; staunch Sunnis; ruled from the 11th c. in the name of the Abbasids	26
11563669445	Crusades	invasions of western Christians into Muslim lands, especially Palestine; captured Jerusalem and established Christian kingdoms enduring until 1291	27
11563669446	Ulama	Islamic religious scholars; pressed for a more conservative and restrictive theology; opposed to non-Islamic thinking	28
11563669447	Sufis	Islamic mystics; spread Islam to many Afro-Asian regions	29
11563669448	Mongols	central Asian nomadic peoples; captured Baghdad in 1258 and killed the last Abbasid caliph	30
11563669449	Chinggis Khan	(1162-1227); Mongol ruler; defeated the Turkish Persian kingdoms	31
11563669450	Arabic numerals	Indian numerical notation brought by the Arabs to the West	32
11563669451	Greek Fire	Byzantine weapon consisting of mixture of chemicals that ignited when exposed to water; used to drive back the Arab fleets attacking Constantinople	33
11563669452	Iconoclasm	the breaking of images; religious controversy of the 8th c; Byzantine emperor attempted, but failed, to suppress icon veneration	34
11563669453	Cyril and Methodius	Byzantine missionaries sent to convert eastern Europe and Balkans; responsible for creation of Slavic written script called Cyrillic	35
11563669454	Kiev	commercial city in Ukraine established by Scandinavians in 9th c; became the basis for Modern Russia	36
11563669455	Gothic	an architectural style developed during the 13th and 14th c in western Europe; featured pointed arches and flying buttresses as external support on main walls	37
11563669510	Hagia Sophia		38
11563669492	Constantinople	Capital of the Byzantine Empire, later known as Istanbul after the Turkish conquest.	39
11563669493	caesarpopism	The type of theocracy of the Byzantine empire	40
11563669494	schism	The split between the Roman Catholic and the Eastern Orthodox church in the 11th century	41
11563669495	Nica	The most serious revolt faced by Justinian. The capital city was razed by the rebels	42
11563669456	Vikings	seagoing Scandinavian raiders who disrupted coastal areas of Europe from the 8th to 11th c; pushed across the Atlantic to Iceland, Greenland, and North America; formed permanent territories in Normandy and Sicily	43
11563669457	Manorialism	rural system of reciprocal relations between landlords and their peasant laborers during the Middle Ages; peasants exchanged labor for use of land and protection	44
11563669458	Serfs	peasant agricultural laborers within the manorial system	45
11563669459	Three-field system	practice of dividing land into thirds, rotating between two different crops and pasturage-- an improvement making use of manure	46
11563669460	Carolingians	royal house of Franks from 8th c to 10th c	47
11563669461	Charlemagne	Carolingian monarch who established large empire in France and Germany circa 800	48
11563669462	Holy Roman Emperors	political heirs to Charlemagne's empire in northern Italy and Germany; claimed title of emperor but failed to develop centralized monarchy	49
11563669463	Vassals	members of the military elite who received land or a benefice from a lord in return for military service and loyalty	50
11563669464	Magna Carta	Great charter issued by King John of England in 1215; represented principle of mutual limits and obligations between rulers and feudal aristocracy, and the supremacy of law	51
11563669465	Parliaments	bodies representing privileged groups; institutionalized the principle that kings ruled with the advice and consent of their subjects	52
11563669466	Hundred Years War	conflict between England and France over territory (1337-1453) Established a since of Nationalism with each country. Joan of Arc united the French and promoted French patriotism.	53
11563669467	Thomas Aquinas	creator of one of the great syntheses of medieval learning; taught at University of Paris; author of Summas; believed that through reason it was possible to know much about natural order, moral law, and nature of God	54
11563669468	Scholasticism	dominant medieval philosophical approach; so-called because of its base in the schools or universities; based on use of logic to resolve theological problems	55
11563669469	Hanseatic League	an organization of north German and Scandinavian cities for the purpose of establishing a commercial alliance	56
11563669470	Guilds	associations of workers in the same occupation in a single city; stressed security and mutual control; limited membership, regulated apprenticeships, guaranteed good workmanship; held a privileged place in cities	57
11563669471	Black Death	bubonic plague that struck Europe in the 14th c; significantly reduced Europe's population; affected social structure; decimated populations in Asia	58
11563669472	Southern Song	smaller surviving dynasty (1127-1279); presided over one of the greatest cultural reigns in world history. Fell to the Mongols in 1276 and eventually taken over in 1279.	59
11563669496	Sui	restored order to China after the long warring period following the collapse of the Han Dynasty	60
11563669497	Tributary system	The system whereby China saw itself as a "Middle Kingdom" which the rest of the region revolved around. It forced neighboring powers to give large gifts and kowtow to the emperor annually.	61
11563669498	Chan Buddhism	A syncretic faith that created a form of Buddhism that focused more on meditation and spiritualism than on rigid doctrines or adherence to texts.	62
11563669499	Neo-Confucianism	A synchretic faith that combines rational thought about social order with the metaphysics of Daoism and Buddhism	63
11563669500	Du Fu	One of the most important poets of the Tang Dynasty	64
11563669501	Xuanzang	Chinese monk who made a pilgrimage to India and popularized Mahayana Buddhism in China, in spite of resistance from the Tang emperors.	65
11563669502	Jin	The empire created by peoples from central Asia which encompassed the Northern region of China during the Song dynasty	66
11563669503	Shinto	a Japanese religion dating from the early 8th century and incorporating the worship of ancestors and nature spirits and a belief in sacred power ( kami ) in both animate and inanimate things. It was the state religion of Japan until 1945.	67
11563669504	Tale of Genji	A Japanese novel written during the Heian period by a female author. It demonstrates the court life of the era.	68
11563669473	Grand Canal	great canal system begun by Yangdi; joined Yellow River region to the Yangtze basin	69
11563669474	Junks	Chinese ships equipped with watertight bulkheads, stern-post rudders, compasses, and bamboo fenders; dominant force in Asian seas east of the Malayan peninsula	70
11563669475	Flying money	Chinese credit instrument that provided vouchers to merchants to be redeemed at the end of a venture; reduced danger of robbery; an early form of currency	71
11563669476	Samurai	mounted troops of the bushi; loyal to local lords, not the emperor	72
11563669477	Footbinding	practice imposed during the Song dynasty in China. It limited women's mobility and demonstrates decreased status for women.	73
11563669478	Seppuku	ritual suicide in Japan; also known as hari-kiri; demonstrated courage and was a means to restore family honor	74
11563669479	Shoguns	military leaders of the bakufu	75
11563669480	Daimyos	warlord rulers of small states Japan's feudal era	76
11563669481	Ottoman Empire	Turkish empire established in Asia Minor and eventually extending through the Middle East and the Balkans; conquered Constantinople in 1453 and ended Byzantine Empire	77
11563669511	Silk Road Trade system		78
11563669505	Champa Rice	tributary gift from Vietnam to China, led to population increase	79
11563669506	Tang Dynasty	followed Sui, established tributary states in Vietnam and Korea, influence Japan, Established strong Buddhist and Confucian presence	80
11563669507	Black Death	plague that originated with Mongols, led to mass population decrease in Europe, later weakened faith in Christian church and increased the power of serfs/peasants. Led partly to fall of Feudal structures in Europe.	81
11563669508	Marco Polo	traveler/merchant from Europe who spend 17 years at court of Kublai Khan	82
11563669509	footbinding	began during Song era, demonstrates objectification and oppression of women, abolished during Yuan and brought back during Ming	83
11563669512	Byzantine empire		84
11563669513	Empire of Charlemagne		85
11563669514	Umayyad Caliphate		86
11563669515	Muslim trade routes		87