AP World History - Period 3 Flashcards

The Post-Classical World, 500-1450

11620156847	Bedouin	nomadic pastoralists of the Arabian peninsula with a culture based on herding camels and goats	0
11620156848	Mecca	Arabian commercial center; dominated by the Quraysh; the home of Muhammad and the future center of Islam	1
11620156849	Medina	town northeast of Mecca; asked Muhammad to resolve its intergroup differences; Muhammad's flight to Medina, the hijra, in 622 began the Muslim calendar	2
11620156850	Umayyad	clan of the Quraysh that dominated Mecca; later an Islamic dynasty	3
11620156851	Muhammad	(570-632); prophet of Allah; originally a merchant of the Quraysh	4
11620156852	Qur'an	the word of god as revealed through Muhammad; made into the holy book of Islam	5
11620156853	Umma	community of the faithful within Islam	6
11620156854	Five Pillars	the obligatory religious duties for all Muslims; confession of faith, prayer, fasting during Ramadan, zakat, and hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca)	7
11620156855	Caliph	the successor to Muhammad as head of the Islamic community	8
11620156856	Ali	cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad; one of the orthodox caliphs; focus for the development of shi'ism	9
11620156857	Abu Bakr	succeeded Muhammad as the first caliph	10
11620156858	Jihad	Islamic holy war	11
11620156859	Sunnis	followers of the majority interpretation within Islam; included the Umayyads	12
11620156860	Shi'a	followers of Ali's interpretation of Islam	13
11620156861	Mawali	non-Arab converts to Islam	14
11620156862	Dhimmis	"the people of the book"-- Jews, Christians; later extended to Zoroastrians and Hindus	15
11620156863	Abbasids	dynasty that succeeded the Umayyads in 750; their capital was at Baghdad	16
11620156864	Hadiths	"traditions" of the prophet Muhammad; added to the Qur'an, form the essential writings of Islam	17
11620156865	Wazir	chief administrative official under the Abbasids	18
11620156866	Dhows	Arab sailing vessels; equipped with lateen sails; used by Arab merchants	19
11620156867	Seljuk Turks	nomadic invaders from central Asia; staunch Sunnis; ruled from the 11th c. in the name of the Abbasids	20
11620156868	Crusades	invasions of western Christians into Muslim lands, especially Palestine; captured Jerusalem and established Christian kingdoms enduring until 1291	21
11620156869	Ulama	Islamic religious scholars; pressed for a more conservative and restrictive theology; opposed to non-Islamic thinking	22
11620156870	Sufis	Islamic mystics; spread Islam to many Afro-Asian regions	23
11620156871	Mongols	central Asian nomadic peoples; captured Baghdad in 1258 and killed the last Abbasid caliph	24
11620156872	Chinggis Khan	(1162-1227); Mongol ruler; defeated the Turkish Persian kingdoms	25
11620156873	Mamluks	Rulers of Egypt; descended from Turkish slaves	26
11620156874	Arabic numerals	Indian numerical notation brought by the Arabs to the West	27
11620156875	Shrivijaya	trading empire based on the Malacca straits; its Buddhist government resisted Muslim missionaries; when it fell, southeastern Asia was opened to Islam	28
11620156876	Malacca	flourishing trading city in Malaya; established a trading empire after the fall of Shrivijaya	29
11620156877	Mali	state of the Malinke people centered between the Senegal and Niger rivers	30
11620156878	Mansa	title of the ruler of Mali	31
11620156879	Ibn Battuta	Arab traveler throughout the Muslim world	32
11620156880	Sundiata	created a unified state that became the Mali empire; died in 1260	33
11620156881	Songhay	successor state to Mali; dominated middle reaches of the Niger valley; capital at Gao	34
11620156882	East African trading ports	urbanized commercial centers mixing African and Arab cultures; included Mogadishu, Mombasa, Malindi, Kilwas, Pate, and Zanzibar	35
11620156883	Great Zimbabwe	with massive stone buildings and walls, incorporates the greatest early buildings in sub-Saharan Africa	36
11620156884	Greek Fire	Byzantine weapon consisting of mixture of chemicals that ignited when exposed to water; used to drive back the Arab fleets attacking Constantinople	37
11620156885	Icons	images of religious figures venerated by Byzantine Christians	38
11620156886	Iconoclasm	the breaking of images; religious controversy of the 8th c; Byzantine emperor attempted, but failed, to suppress icon veneration	39
11620156887	Manzikert	Seljuk Turk victory in 1071 over Byzantium; resulted in loss of the empire's rich Anatolian territory	40
11620156888	Cyril and Methodius	Byzantine missionaries sent to convert eastern Europe and Balkans; responsible for creation of Slavic written script called Cyrillic	41
11620156889	Kiev	commercial city in Ukraine established by Scandinavians in 9th c; became the center for a kingdom that flourished until 12th c	42
11620156890	Rurik	legendary Scandinavian, regarded as founder of Kievan Rus' in 855	43
11620156891	Vladmir I	ruler of Kiev (980-1015); converted kingdom to Orthodox Christianity	44
11620156892	Russian Orthodoxy	Russian form of Christianity brought from Byzantine Empire	45
11620156893	Tatars	Mongols who conquered Russian cities during the 13th c; left Russian church and aristocracy intact	46
11620156894	Middle Ages	the period in western European history between the fall of Roman Empire and the 15th c	47
11620156895	Gothic	an architectural style developed during the 13th and 14th c in western Europe; featured pointed arches and flying buttresses as external support on main walls	48
11620156896	Vikings	seagoing Scandinavian raiders who disrupted coastal areas of Europe from the 8th to 11th c; pushed across the Atlantic to Iceland, Greenland, and North America; formed permanent territories in Normandy and Sicily	49
11620156897	Manorialism	rural system of reciprocal relations between landlords and their peasant laborers during the Middle Ages; peasants exchanged labor for use of land and protection	50
11620156898	Serfs	peasant agricultural laborers within the manorial system	51
11620156899	Three-field system	practice of dividing land into thirds, rotating between two different crops and pasturage-- an improvement making use of manure	52
11620156900	Clovis	King of the Franks; converted to Christianity circa 496	53
11620156901	Carolingians	royal house of Franks from 8th c to 10th c	54
11620156902	Charles Martel	first Carolingian king of the Franks; defeated Muslims at Tours in 732	55
11620156903	Charlemagne	Carolingian monarch who established large empire in France and Germany circa 800	56
11620156904	Holy Roman Emperors	political heirs to Charlemagne's empire in northern Italy and Germany; claimed title of emperor but failed to develop centralized monarchy	57
11620156905	Feudalism	personal relationship during the Middle Ages by which greater lords provided land to lesser lords in return for military service	58
11620156906	Vassals	members of the military elite who received land or a benefice from a lord in return for military service and loyalty	59
11620156907	William the Conqueror	invaded England from Normandy in 1066; established tight feudal system and centralized monarchy in England	60
11620156908	Magna Carta	Great charter issued by King John of England in 1215; represented principle of mutual limits and obligations between rulers and feudal aristocracy, and the supremacy of law	61
11620156909	Parliaments	bodies representing privileged groups; institutionalized the principle that kings ruled with the advice and consent of their subjects	62
11620156910	Hundred Years War	conflict between England and France over territory (1337-1453) Established a since of Nationalism with each country. Joan of Arc united the French and promoted French patriotism.	63
11620156911	Pope Urban II	organized the first Crusade in 1095; appealed to Christians to free the Holy Land from Muslim control	64
11620156912	Investiture	the practice of appointment of bishops; Pope Gregory attempted to stop lay investiture, leading to a conflict with the Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV	65
11620156913	Gregory VII	11th c pope who attempted to free church from secular control; quarreled with Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV over practice of lay investiture of bishops	66
11620156914	Thomas Aquinas	creator of one of the great syntheses of medieval learning; taught at University of Paris; author of Summas; believed that through reason it was possible to know much about natural order, moral law, and nature of God	67
11620156915	Scholasticism	dominant medieval philosophical approach; so-called because of its base in the schools or universities; based on use of logic to resolve theological problems	68
11620156916	Hanseatic League	an organization of north German and Scandinavian cities for the purpose of establishing a commercial alliance	69
11620156917	Guilds	associations of workers in the same occupation in a single city; stressed security and mutual control; limited membership, regulated apprenticeships, guaranteed good workmanship; held a privileged place in cities	70
11620156918	Black Death	bubonic plague that struck Europe in the 14th c; significantly reduced Europe's population; affected social structure; decimated populations in Asia	71
11620156919	Period of the Six Dynasties	era of continuous warfare (220-589) among the many kingdoms that followed the fall of the Han	72
11620156920	Jinshi	title given students who passed the most difficult examinations; became eligible for high office	73
11620156921	Mahayana (Pure Land) Buddhism	emphasized salvationist aspects of Chinese Buddhism; popular among the masses in East Asia	74
11620156922	Wuzong	Tang emperor (841-847); persecuted Buddhist monasteries and reduced influence of Buddhism in favor of Confucianism	75
11620156923	Southern Song	smaller surviving dynasty (1127-1279); presided over one of the greatest cultural reigns in world history. Fell to the Mongols in 1276 and eventually taken over in 1279.	76
11620156924	Grand Canal	great canal system begun by Yangdi; joined Yellow River region to the Yangtze basin	77
11620156925	Junks	Chinese ships equipped with watertight bulkheads, stern-post rudders, compasses, and bamboo fenders; dominant force in Asian seas east of the Malayan peninsula	78
11620156926	Flying money	Chinese credit instrument that provided vouchers to merchants to be redeemed at the end of a venture; reduced danger of robbery; an early form of currency	79
11620156927	Footbinding	male imposed practice to mutilate women's feet in order to reduce size; produced pain and restricted movement; helped to confine women to the household; seen a beautiful to the elite.	80
11620156928	Taika reforms	attempt to remake Japanese monarch into an absolutist Chinese-style emperor; included attempts to create professional bureaucracy and peasant conscript army	81
11620156929	Fujiwara	mid-9th c Japanese aristocratic family; exercised exceptional influence over imperial affairs; aided in decline of imperial power	82
11620156930	Bushi	regional warrior leaders in Japan; ruled small kingdoms from fortresses; administered the law, supervised public works projects, and collected revenues; built up private armies	83
11620156931	Samurai	mounted troops of the bushi; loyal to local lords, not the emperor	84
11620156932	Seppuku	ritual suicide in Japan; also known as hari-kiri; demonstrated courage and was a means to restore family honor	85
11620156933	Gempei wars	Waged for 5 years from 1180-1185, on the island of Honshu between Taira and Minamoto families; resulted in the destruction of Taira and also resulted in the feudal age	86
11620156934	Bakufu	military government established by the Minamoto following Gempei wars; centered at Kamakura; retained emperor, but real power resided in military government and samurai	87
11620156935	Shoguns	military leaders of the bakufu	88
11620156936	Daimyos	warlord rulers of small states following Onin war and disruption of Ashikaga shogunate; holding consolidated into unified and bounded mini-states	89
11620156937	Sinification	extensive adaptation of Chinese culture in other regions	90
11620156938	Yi	dynasty (1392-1910); succeeded Koryo dynasty after Mongol invasions; restored aristocratic dominance and Chinese influence	91
11620156939	Trung Sisters	leaders of a rebellion in Vietnam against Chinese rule in 39 CE; demonstrates importance of women in Vietnamese society	92
11620156940	Khmers and Chams	Indianized Vietnamese peoples defeated by northern government at Hanoi	93
11620156941	Nguyen	southern Vietnamese dynasty with capital at Hue that challenged northern Trinh dynasty with center at Hanoi	94
11620156942	Chinggis Khan	born in 1170s; elected supreme Mongol ruler (khagan) in 1206; began the Mongols rise to world power; died 1227	95
11620156943	Shamanistic religion	Mongol beliefs focused on nature spirits	96
11620156944	Batu	grandson of Chinggis Khan and ruler of Golden Horde; invaded Russian in 1236	97
11620156945	Golden Horde	one of four regional subdivisions of the Mongol Empire after death of Chinggis Khan; conquered and ruled Russua during the 13th and 14th c	98
11620156946	Ilkhan khanate	one of four regional subdivisions of the Mongol empire after the death of Chinggis Khan; eventually included much of Abbasid empire	99
11620156947	Hulegu	grandson of Chinggis Khan and rule of Ilkhan khanate; captured and destroyed Abbasid Baghdad	100
11620156948	Mamluks	Muslim slave warriors; established dynasty in Egypt; led by Baibars defeated Mongols in 1260	101
11620156949	Kubilai Khan	grandson of Chinggis Khan; conquered China; established Yuan dynasty in 1271	102
11620156950	White Lotus Society	secret religious society dedicated to overthrow of Yuan dynasty	103
11620156951	Ottoman Empire	Turkish empire established in Asia Minor and eventually extending through the Middle East and the Balkans; conquered Constantinople in 1453 and ended Byzantine Empire	104
11620156952	Ming Dynasty	replaced Mongal Yuan dynasty in China in 1368; lasted until 1644; initially mounted large trade expeditions to southern Asia and Africa; later concentrated on internal development within China	105
11620156953	Ethnocentrism	judging foreigners by the standards of one's own group; leads to problems in interpreting world history	106
11620156955	Muhammad's primary historical achievement	spread of Islam	107
11620156969	Silk Road Trade system		108
11620156970	Kingdom of Mali		109
11620156956	Inca and Rome both had	extensive road systems	110
11620156957	Important continuity in social structure of states and empires 600-1450	land holding aristocracies, patriarchies, peasant systems still in place	111
11620156958	Champa Rice	tributary gift from Vietnam to China, led to population increase	112
11620156959	Diasporic communities	merchant communities that introduced their own cultures into other areas	113
11620156960	Trans Saharan trade	Dominated my Muslims in 13th century after rise of Islamic caliphates..	114
11620156961	Effect of Muslim conquests	collapse of other empires, mass conversion	115
11620156962	Tang Dynasty	followed Sui, established tributary states in Vietnam and Korea, influence Japan, Established strong Buddhist and Confucian presence	116
11620156963	Black Death	plague that originated with Mongols, led to mass population decrease in Europe, later weakened faith in Christian church and increased the power of serfs/peasants. Led partly to fall of Feudal structures in Europe.	117
11620156971	Indian Ocean Maritime Trade		118
11620156964	Cities that rose during this time due to increased trade	Novgorod, Constantinople, Timbuktu	119
11620156965	Timbuktu	trade center of Mali, cosmopolitan city that saw the blending of many different cultures and people	120
11620156966	New forms of monetization	Checks, Bills of Exchange	121
11620156972	Bantu Migrations		122
11620156967	footbinding	began during Tang/Song era, demonstrates objectification and oppression of women, abolished during Yuan and brought back during Ming	123
11620156968	Marco Polo	traveler/merchant from Europe who spend 17 years at court of Kublai Khan	124