AP World History Vocabulary 1700-Present Flashcards

9928983172	Declaration of Independence	A document modeled after the political philosophies of John Locke. It altered the natural rights identified by John Locke to include "life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness."	0
9928983173	self-strengthening movement	a late 19th century movement in which the Chinese modernized their army and encouraged western investment in factories and railways	1
9928983174	romanticism	a literary and artistic movement in 19th century Europe; emphasized emotion over reason	2
9928983175	Queu	a long ponytail that Chinese men were forced to wear in order to distinguish them from Manchus	3
9928983176	Domestic System	a manufacturing method in which the stages of the manufacturing process are carried out in private homes rather than a factory setting	4
9928983177	Maoris	a member of a Polynesian group that settled in New Zealand about 800 C.E.	5
9928983178	Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen	A statement of political rights adopted by the French National Assembly during the French Revolution	6
9928983179	Declaration of the Rights of Women and of the Female	A statement of the rights of women written by Olympe de Gouges in response to the Declaration of the Rights of Man.	7
9928983180	Communism	An economic system in which the state controls the means of production.	8
9928983181	Liberalism	an Enlightenment philosophy that favored civil rights, the protection of private property, and representative government	9
9928983182	Guano	bird droppings used as fertilizer; a major trade item of Peru in the late 19th century	10
9928983183	Suez Canal	canal constructed by Egypt across the Isthmus of Suez in 1869	11
9928983184	Code Napoleon (Napoleonic Code)	collection of laws that standardized French law under the rule of Napoleon Bonaparte	12
9928983185	Spanish-American War	conflict between the United States and Spain that began the rise of the United States as a world power	13
9928983186	Economic Imperialism	control of a country's economy by the business of another nation	14
9928983187	Revolutions of 1848	democratic and nationalistic revolutions, most of them unsuccessful, that swept through Europe	15
9928983188	spheres of influence	divisions of a country in which a particular foreign nation enjoys economic privileges	16
9928983189	Jacobins	extreme radicals during the French Revolution	17
9928983190	theory of relativity	idea that argued that time and space are relative to one another	18
9928983191	theory of natural selection	idea, first proposed by Charles Darwin, that species survive due to favorable characteristics	19
9928983192	Bourgeoisie	in France, the class of merchant and artisans who were members of the Third Estate and initiators of the French Revolution; in Marxist theory, a term referring to factory owners	20
9928983193	Proletarian	in Marxist theory, the class of workers in an industrial society	21
9928983194	conservatism	in 19th century Europe, a movement that supported monarchies, aristocracies, and state-established churches	22
9928983195	factors of production	they are land, labor, capital, and entrepreneurship, which existed in Britain which allowed it to lead in the Industrial Revolution	23
9928983196	Zaibatsu	large industrial organization created in Japan during the industrialization of the late 19th century	24
9928983197	conscription	military draft	25
9928983198	Tanzimet Reforms	19th century reforms by Ottoman rulers designed to make government and military more efficient	26
9928983199	Monroe Doctrine	policy issued by the United States in which it declared that the Western Hemisphere was off limits to colonization by other powers	27
9928983200	Indian National Congress	political party that became the leader of the Indian nationalist movement	28
9928983201	Congress of Vienna	restored legitimate monarchs to the thrones of Europe and to create a balance of power	29
9928983202	Boxer Rebellion	revolt against foreign residents of China	30
9928983203	Sepoy Rebellion	revolt of Indian soldiers against the British; caused by a military practice in violation of the Muslim and Hindu faiths (1857)	31
9928983204	natural rights	rights that belong to every person and that no government may take away	32
9928983205	Great Trek	slaveholding Boers who, in 1834, left the Cape Colony and moved to the interior of Africa	33
9928983206	Young Turks	society founded in 1889 in the Ottoman Empire; its goal was to restore the constitution of 1876 and to reform the empire	34
9928983207	Boers	South Africans of Dutch descent	35
9928983208	Sepoys	South Asian soldiers who served in the British army in India	36
9928983209	Revolutions of 1905	strikes by urban workers and peasants in Russia; prompted by shortages of food and by Russia's loss to Japan in 1905.	37
9928983210	Entrepreneurship	the ability to combine the factors of land, labor, and capital to create factory production.	38
9928983211	social Darwinism	the application of Darwin's philosophy of natural selection to human society	39
9928983212	Separation of Powers	the division of powers among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches of government	40
9928983213	estates	the divisions of society in pre-revolutionary France	41
9928983214	imperialism	the establishment of colonial empires	42
9928983215	enclosure movement	the fencing of pasture land in England beginning prior to the Industrial Revolution	43
9928983216	Bill of Rights	the first ten amendments to the constitution of the United States	44
9928983217	Qing Dynasty	the Manchurian invaders who ruled China from 1644 to the early 1900s	45
9928983218	Berlin Conference	the meeting of European imperialist powers to divide Africa among them	46
9928983219	capital	the money and equipment needed to engage in industrialization	47
9928983220	feminism	the movement to achieve women's rights	48
9928983221	Reign of Terror	the period of the most extreme violence during the French Revolution	49
9928983222	Manifest Destiny	the policy in the U.S. that led to its expansion from the Atlantic to the Pacific	50
9928983223	Meiji Restoration	the restoration of the Meiji emperor in Japan in 1868 that began a program of industrialization and centralization of Japan following the end of the Tokogawa Shogunate	51
9928983224	extraterritoriality	the right of foreigners to live under the laws of their home country rather than those of the host country	52
9928983225	duma	the Russian parliament	53
9928983226	Raj	the Sanskrit name for the British government in India	54
9928983227	Gran Columbia	The temporary union of the northern portion of south America after the independence movements led by Simon Bolivar	55
9928983228	estates-general	the traditional legislative body of France	56
9928983229	Industrial Revolution	the transition between the domestic system of manufacturing and the mechanization of production in a factory setting	57
9928983230	Treaty of Nanking	treaty ending the Opium War that ceded Hong Kong to the British (1842)	58
9928983231	Pogrom	violence against Jews in tsarist Russia	59
9928983232	Opium War	war between Great Britain and China began with the Qing dynasty's refusal to allow continued opium importation into China; British victory resulted in the Treaty of Nanking (1839-1842)	60
9928983233	Sino-Japanese War	war between Japan and China, in 1895, over control of Korea	61
9928983234	Russo-Japanese War	War between Russia and Japan over Manchurian territory, resulted in the defeat of Russia by the Japanese Navy	62
9928983235	Boer War	War between the British and the Dutch over Dutch independence in South Africa; resulted in British victory (1899-1902)	63
9928983236	Radicalism	Western European political philosophy during the 19th century; advocated democracy and reforms favoring lower classes	64
9928983237	May fourth movement	a 1919 protest in China against the Treaty of Versailles and foreign influence	65
9928983238	Tehran conference	a 1943 meeting of leaders of the United States, Great Britain, and the Soviet Union; it agreed on the opening of a second front in France	66
9928983239	Potsdam conference	a 1945 meeting of the leaders of Great Britain, the United States, and the Soviet Union in which it was agreed that the Soviet Union would be given control of eastern Europe and that Germany would be divided into zones of occupation	67
9928983240	Geneva Conference	a 1954 conference that divided Vietnam at the seventh parallel	68
9928983241	Helsinki accords	a 1975 political and human rights agreement signed in Helsinki, Finland, by Western European countries and the Soviet Union	69
9928983242	cultural revolution	a Chinese movement from 1966 to 1976 intended to establish an egalitarian society of peasants and workers.	70
9928983243	European Economic Community	A Common Market organized in 1958 which reduced tariffs among member nations and created a common tariff policy for other world nations	71
9928983244	Spanish civil war	a conflict from 1936-1939 that resulted in the installation of fascist dictator Francisco Franco as ruler of Spain; Franco's forces were backed by Germany and Italy, whereas the Soviet Union supported the opposing republican forces	72
9928983245	Kabuki theater	a form of Japanese theater developed in the 17th century that features colorful scenery and costumes and an exaggerated style of acting	73
9928983246	Coalition	a government based on temporary alliances of several political parties	74
9928983247	Yalta conference	a meeting of the leaders of the Soviet Union, Great Britain, and the United States in 1945; the Soviet Union agreed to enter the war against Japan in exchange for influence in the Eastern European states. The Yalta Conference also made plans for the establishment of a new international organization.	75
9928983248	Iron curtain	a metaphorical description of the divide between the Communist East and Democratic Western Europe	76
9928983249	Welfare state	a nation in which the government plays an active role in providing services such as social security to its citizens	77
9928983250	British commonwealth	A political community consisting of the United Kingdom, its dependencies, and former colonies of Great Britain that are now sovereign nations; currently called the Commonwelath of Nations	78
9928983251	Fascism	a political movement that is characterized by extreme nationalism, one-party rule, and the denial of individual rights	79
9928983252	Alliance for progress	a program of economic aid for Latin America in exchange for pledge to establish democratic institutions; part of U.S. President Kennedy's international program	80
9928983253	Pan-Slavic movement	A Russian attempt to unite all Slavic nations into a commonwealth relationship under the influence of Russia.	81
9928983254	Cubism	a school of art in which persons and objects are represented by geometric forms.	82
9928983255	Al-Qaeda	a terrorist group based in Afghanistan in the late 20th and early 21st centuries	83
9928983256	Ayatollah	a traditional Muslim religious ruler	84
9928983257	Russification	a tsarist program that required non-Russians to speak only Russian and provided education only for those groups loyal to Russia	85
9928983258	Mandate	a type of colony in which the government is overseen by another nation, as in the Middle Eastern mandates placed under European control after WWI	86
9928983259	Marshall plan	a U.S. plan to support the recovery and reconstruction of Western Europe after WWII	87
9928983260	international space station	a vehicle sponsored by 16 nations that circles the earth while carrying out experiments	88
9928983261	Berlin wall	a wall, built by the East German Communist government, to separate the Democratic Western Berlin	89
9928983262	world bank	an agency of the United Nations that offers loans to countries to promote trade and economic development	90
9928983263	import substitution industrialization	an economic system that attempts to strengthen a country's industrial power by restricting foreign imports	91
9928983264	World Trad Organization	an international organization begun in 1995 to promote and organize world trade	92
9928983265	International Monetary fund	an international organization founded in 1944 to promote market economies and free trade	93
9928983266	European Union	an organization designed to reduce trade barriers and promote economic unity in Europe; it was formed in 1993 to replace the European Community.	94
9928983267	North American Free Trade Organization	an organization that prohibits tariffs and other trade barriers between Mexico, the United States, and Canada (NAFTA)	95
9928983268	Guomindang	China's Nationalist political party founded by Sun Yat-sen in 1912 and based on democratic principles; in 1925, the party was taken over by Jiang Jieshi, who made it into a more authoritarian party.	96
9928983269	containment	Cold War policy of the United States whose purpose was to prevent the spread of communism	97
9928983270	government of India Act	the British law passed in 1935 which increased suffrage and turned provincial governments over to Indian leaders	98
9928983271	central powers	in WWI, Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, the Ottoman Empire, and other nations who fought with them against the Allies	99
9928983272	Allied powers	in WWI, the nations of Great Britain, France, Russia, the United States, and others that fought against the Central Powers; in WWII, the group of nations including Great Britain, France, the Soviet Union, and the United States, that fought against the Axis Powers	100
9928983273	League of nations	international organization founded after WWI to promote peace and cooperation among nations	101
9928983274	service industries	occupations that provided a service rather than a manufactured or agricultural product	102
9928983275	Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries	Organization formed in 1950 by oil-producing countries to regulate oil supplies and prices (OPEC)	103
9928983276	evangelical	pertaining to preaching the Gospel (the good news) or pertaining to theologically conservative Christians.	104
9928983277	five year plans	plans for industrial production first introduced in the Soviet Union in 1928 by Stalin; they succeeded in making the Soviet Union a major industrial power by the end of the 1930s	105
9928983278	Appeasement	policy of Great Britain and France of making concessions in Hitler in the 1930s	106
9928983279	Kulaks	Russian peasants who became wealthy under Lenin's New Economic Policy	107
9928983280	Afrikaners	South Africans who were descended from the Dutch who settled in south Africa in the 17th century	108
9928983281	Hubble space telescope	Telescope able to peer deep into space	109
9928983282	Treaty of Brest-Litovsk	the 1918 treaty ending WWI between Germany and the Soviet Union	110
9928983283	Treaty of Versailles	the 1919 peace treaty between Germany and the Allied nations; it blamed the war on Germany and assessed heavy reparations and large territorial losses on the part of Germany	111
9928983284	Glasnost	the 1985 policy of Mikhail Gorbachev that allowed openness of expression of ideas in the Soviet Union	112
9928983285	Persian gulf war	the 1991 war between Iraq and a U.S. led coalition to liberate Kuwait from an Iraqi invasion	113
9928983286	Deoxyribonucleic acid	the blueprint of heredity	114
9928983287	No theater	the classical Japanese drama with music and dances performed on a simple stage by elaborately dressed actors	115
9928983288	Brinkmanship	the Cold War policy of the Soviet Union and the United States of threatening to go to war at a sign of aggression on the part of either power	116
9928983289	Collectivization	the combination of several small farms into a large government controlled farm	117
9928983290	Great leap forward	the diasastrous economic policy introduced by Mao Zedong that proposed the implementation of small scale industrial projects on individual peasant communities	118
9928983291	Sputnik	the first man-made satellite, launched by the Soviet Union	119
9928983292	Anschluss	the German annexation of Austria prior to WWII	120
9928983293	United Nations	the international organization founded in 1945 to establish peace and cooperation among nations	121
9928983294	Holocaust	the Nazi program during WWII that killed 6 million Jews and other groups considered undesirable	122
9928983295	Reparations	the payment of war debts by the losing side	123
9928983296	Great depression	the severe worldwide economic downturn that began in the late 1920s and continued into the 1930s throughout many regions of the world	124
9928983297	Apartheid	the South African policy of separation of the races	125
9928983298	McDonaldization	the spread of American culture and values around the world	126
9928983299	Euro	the standard currency introduced and adopted by the majority of members of the European Union in January 2002	127
9928983300	Genocide	the systematic killing of an entire ethnic group	128
9928983301	Cold war	the tense diplomatic relationship between the United States and the Soviet Union after World War II	129
9928983302	Mass consumerism	trade in products designed to appeal to a global market	130
9928983303	National Organization For Women	U.S. organization founded in 1969 to campaign for women's rights	131
9928983304	New Deal	U.S. President Roosevelt's program to relieve the economic problems of the Great Depression; it increased government involvement in the society of the United States	132
9928983305	Cartels	Unions of independent businesses in order to regulate production, prices, and the marketing of goods	133
9928983306	Korean Conflict	Wars between Communist North Korea, aided by China, and Capitalist South Korea, aided by the United States	134
9928983307	Cuban missile crisis	When in 1962, the Soviets constructed nuclear missiles in Cuba which brought days of tense confrontation between Khrushchev and the U.S. President Kennedy. Khrushchev ultimately backed down, and the missiles were removed.	135