AP World History Chapter 1 Flashcards

7252463632	Homo Habilis	2.3 m.y.o., brain sized bigger than their predecessors, bipedalist, made stone tools, died out.	0
7252463633	Homo Erectus	First to migrate to Eurasia 1 m.y.a., first controlled use of fire, died out.	1
7252463634	Homo Sapiens	Only homo specie to survive, large capacity for symbolic language, 250,000 y.o., migrated everywhere 100,000 y.a., That's us.	2
7252463635	What is the most significant transformation in the human condition? Why?	The Agricultural Revolution because	3
7252463636	What are nomads?	Moving people with no permanent home, travel mainly to find vegetation for their livestock.	4
7252463637	What is a "civilization "?	A more complex society in bustling cities governed by formal states.	5
7252463638	What did the growth of civilizations lead to?	Powerful and innovative communities, empires of increasing size, enduring cultural and religious traditions, new technologies, sharper class and gender inequalities, large scale war.	6
7252463639	Why were B.C. and A.D. Replaced?	To become less Christian- centered and Eurocentric	7
7252463640	Describe Hunter Gatherers.	Live by hunting game, collecting berries and honey, digging up roots, grass huts and small mobile camps, followed animal migrations,unsuccessful in defense.	8
7252463641	What does paleolithic mean? Why was this used to describe the time?	Meant "Old Stone Age" because they used stone tools as opposed to metal ones.	9
7252463642	How do we know anything about these peoples before the invention of writing?	Their tools, seed that fossilized, rock paintings, engravings and bones and skeletons.	10
7252463643	What continent did humans first come into existence?	Africa	11
7252463644	What evidence is there of human behavior in Africa?	Technological advancements left behind, evidence of hunting and fishing, large networks of human communications, body ornaments and symbolic burials.	12
7252463645	From Africa, where else did humans migrate?	1. Eurasia, 2. Australia, 3. Americas, 4. Pacific Islands	13
7252463646	How did the Ice Age facilitate migration?	The cold climates pushed the northerners in Eurasia down south, land bridges iced over.	14
7252463647	What devolopments occurred as a result of the voyages and human migrations into the Pacific?	Canoes, navigation, trade networks, and adaptations to the new areas.	15
7252463648	Describe the first human societies and paleolithic bands.	Small (25-50), tightknit, slow pop growth, nomadic because of plants and animals, no rulers, government, people developed same skills, equal sexes, divorces.	16
7252463649	Why is the paleolithic society considered the original affluent society? Why is this ironic?	They wanted or needed very little. Affluent is prosperous or wealthy.	17
7252463650	How did the paleolithic people affect the environments?	Purposeful fire to encourage plant growth, which made flame retardant trees, rapid extinction of other plants and animals.	18
7252463651	Evidence for paleolithic people being spiritual.	Ceremonial spaces found in caves	19
7252463652	What are Shamans?	People who were believed to be especially skilled at dealing with the spiritual world	20
7252463653	How did the end of the ice age affect the paleolithic people?	People spread out, pop increased, they changed and added to their food choice, so did the animals, providing a richer and more diverse environment for human societies.	21
7252463654	How did they begin to change? (After ice age)	Nomads settled down, food storage, societies grew, inequalities went away.	22
7252463655	List technological advancements made during the end of the ice age.	All the tools, some now with handles, dugout canoes, paddles, bowls, and tool handles, use of money and distinct classes, agriculture.	23
7252463656	What is intensification?	Getting more for less, usually with resources.	24
7252463657	Where is the Fertile Crescent?	SouthWest Asia	25
7252463658	What modern day countries are in the Fertile Crescent?	Parts of palestine, jordan, syria, iraq, south turkey, and all of mesopotamia	26
7252463659	What major innovations have archaeologists discovered in the agricultural settings in the Fertile Crescent.	Sun dried bricks, appearance of monuments or shrine like buildings, displays of cattle skulls, more elaborate human burials, more sophisticated tools, such as sickles polished axes and awls.	27
7252463660	Why was agriculture less productive in sub-saharan Africa than it was in the Middle East?	The people scattered and domesticated a lot of things, but too far away to be productive.	28
7252463661	What made development of agriculture more difficult in the Americas than anywhere else?	Spread out domestication, no goats sheep, pigs cattle or horses, bad climate for vegetation.	29
7252463662	What processes spread agriculture throughout the world?	Diffusion, colonization.	30
7252463663	How did agriculture spread throughout Africa?	Migrations of people who speak one of the 400 Bantu languages.	31
7252463664	What are some ways through which agricultural societies eliminated hunting and gathering societies?	They killed them, drove them out, and over exposed them to animal-borne diseases.	32
7252463665	What were some of the cost of agriculture?	Diseases and low health quality.	33
7252463666	What were some of the new health problems, and diseases as a result of agriculture?	Health - malnutrition, anemia, shorter height and life expectancy diseases- smallpox, flu, measles, chicken pox, malaria, tuberculosis, rabies, and epidemics.	34
7252463667	Describe secondary products revolution.	Technological innovation involving new uses for domesticated animals beyond their meat and hides	35
7252463668	Pastoral Society	No permanent officials, democracy without central power, some were nomadic, occasional powerful military, couldn't produce their own agricultural products, attracted to the wealth of agrarian societies	36
7252463669	Agricultural Village	Popular cities like Jericho, still hunter gatherers, kept most social and gender equality, no permanent officials, men and women could do the same work, flourished in modern era.	37
7252463670	Chiefdom	Chiefs, relied on gift giving, great inequality, collected food from commoners and redistributed to warriors and craftsmen, grew power over other things on earth, class system.	38
7252463671	What was often the source of conflict between pastoral and agricultural villages?	Resource and land disputes	39
7252463672	Where were the first Chiefdoms?	Mesopotamia	40
7252463673	What were the roles of early chiefs?	Led rituals and ceremonies, directed its economic life, sought to resolve inner conflicts, collected tribute from commoners.	41
7252463674	What is James C. Scott's general argument in his book?	That people who didn't join civilizations can be just as civilized as to those that did.	42
7252463675	Why might civilizations equate to self control?	Because they were controlled by a hierarchy.	43
7252463676	What are some problems resulting from civilization.	Tax, forced labor, , epidemics	44
7252463677	Why is hill culture hard to prove it existed?	Small villages didnt have writing, so only onlookers could write about them.	45