AP World History Chapter 7 Notes Flashcards

7718380802	Who are the arabs	a semitic speaking people of south west asia	0
7718383754	how far back are the Arabs mentioned?	in Greek sources in 500 b.c.e and the old testament	1
7718386236	Bedouin Arabs	nomadic peoples who came originally from the Northern Part of the peninsula	2
7718389347	Sheikh and Majlis	Sheikh- ruling member of Bedouin Arab tribe Majlis- a council of elders	3
7718394308	when did the Arabs begin the Caravan trade with what animals	camels in 2nd millennium b.c.e	4
7718397649	Pre-Islamic Arabs religion	-polytheistic -allah was presiding over them -no priesthood -supreme deity symbolized by a sacred stone	5
7718401532	special black meteorite called the ________ was housed in Mecca and had sacred qualities	Ka'aba	6
7718404002	when did Arabian importance grow	5th or 6th century c.e (relations between the Bedouins and wealthy became strained)	7
7718408944	Muhammad's life	born in Mecca and orphaned at 6. Grew up to become a caravan manager. Married a rich widow (Khadija) who was his employer	8
7718413674	why did Muhammad begin his meditation	because the growing gap between Bedouin values and behavior of the affluent commercial elites troubled him	9
7718418247	Muhammad's revelation	-encountered the angel Gabriel -believed that Allah revealed himself in Jews and Christians but finally in him	10
7718419917	Qur'an	holy scriptures of Islam. Contains guidelines for Muslims	11
7718422101	after 3 years of Muhammad's preaching how many followers did he have	30	12
7718426486	Hegira	-marks the first day on the calendar of Islam -in 622 when Muhammad and his supporters headed north to Yathrib (now Medina) "City of Prophet"	13
7718430687	What did Muhammad do in Yathrib	he formed the first Muslim community from residents and Bedouins. He then returned home, conquered Mecca and converted the people there	14
7718433389	Umma	first Muslim Community	15
7718435281	what did Muhammad do in 630	he visited the Ka'aba where he declared it a sacred shrine and destroyed the other 2 idols	16
7718442352	why is Muhammad different from other prophets in other religions	He was just a prophet. Not a God or anything else.	17
7718444314	Muhammads teachings on afterlife	those who hope to achieve it must subject themselves to Allah	18
7718447084	what is at the heart of Islam	the Qur'an. There is no God but Allah with Muhammad as his prophet	19
7718451141	how many suras (chapters) are in the Sacred Book of Islam (Qur'an)	114	20
7718452017	What are the 5 pillars of Islam	1. belief in Allah and Muhammad 2. Standard prayer 5 times a day and public prayer on Friday 3. observation of the Holy Month of Ramadan (fasting) 4. Making a pilgrimage to Mecca at least once in your life 5. giving alms (zakat) to the poor	21
7718458815	Ulama and Shari'a	the Ulama was a panel of Muslim scholars who made a law code called the Shari'a	22
7718459976	Hadith	a collection of sayings of the prophet that was used to supplement the revelations contained in Holy Scriptures	23
7718465299	strict behaviors in Muslim belief	forbidden to gamble, eat pork, drink alcohol, and be dishonest	24
7718468086	men and women beliefs in Muslims	-contacts between unmarried men and women are discouraged -marriages are arranged -polygyny was allowed but only up to 4 wives	25
7718471872	true or false. The veracity and truth to the Qur'an is debatable	true	26
7718477575	Did Muslims see a separation between political and religious authority	no	27
7718478873	what was the problem with Muhammads successor	he had no sons, only daughters. He didn't pick anyone to follow him	28
7718483468	Who became the next Caliph after Muhammad	Abu Bakr (Muhammad's father in law) became the next Caliph (successor)	29
7718486126	Caliph	a political or religious leader (inam)	30
7718493795	what type of strategy did Muhammad use in times of struggle	a tribal custom called razzia (raid)	31
7718496437	how was Razzia sometimes translated as	Striving in the way of the lord, Jihad, Holy War, Crusade	32
7718502910	Muslim conquering	-636 Muslims defeat Byzantine on Yarmuk River (four years later took over Syria) -conquered Sassinids by 650	33
7718508241	valor of Muslim army was enhanced by what belief?	when you died on the battle field you went to paradise	34
7718512594	After being conquered by Muslims did you have to convert?	it was voluntary. If you didn't convert you were to submit to Muslim rule and pay a tax in return for exemption from military service	35
7718517865	who became Caliph following Abu	Umar (but some people wanted Ali, Muhammads cousin, to be a caliph. He was ignored)	36
7718521057	what happened to the Caliph in 656	Umars successor, Uthman, was assassinated and Ali was promoted (many believed it was Ali's doing)	37
7718529272	what happened to Ali in 661	he was assassinated. Mu'awiya replaced him. He then made the position hereditary	38
7718531029	how long were the Umayyads in power	for almost a century after Mu'awiya	39
7718538521	when did the Muslims first meet their match	in France. Battle of Tours was the high water mark of arab expansion	40
7718547275	How did the Byzantines attack back in 717	they used a petroleum based compound containing quickline and sulfur (a greek fire weapon) to destroy the Muslim fleet	41
7718560578	what did Hussein (Ali's 2nd son) create and why	the Shi'ites because he questioned the legitimacy of the Umayyads .	42
7718566394	how did the Umayyads contribute to their own downfall?	by having decadent behavior	43
7718568817	when and by who were the Umayyads overthrown	revolt led by Abu Al-Abba's (750; descendant of Muhammads uncle) created the Abbasid Dynasty (now iraq)	44
7718582981	Abbasids changes to society	-broke down distinctions between Arab and non-Arab Muslims -all could do civil and military work -arabs intermarried	45
7718589129	when was the Abbasid capital city built and where	762 in Baghdad which encouraged a new cultural orientation	46
7718594902	best known caliph of Abbasid	9th century. Harun al Rashid or Harun "The Upright" whose reign is the golden age	47
7718599947	Al-Ma Mum	Harun Al Rashid (Harun "The Upright") son. He was a patron of learning. He established a solar observatory and Greek translations.	48
7719658877	A change in the Caliph rule came about during the Abbasid ruling. What were some of these changes?	-became much more regal -assisted by a council (diwan) with a prime minister (Vizier) -Caliph did not attend Diwan meetings	49
7719666566	what weakened the caliphate in competition with potential rivals?	lack of spiritual authority	50
7719669654	What did the death of Harun lead to?	his sons, Amin and Al-Ma'mun, fought and led to civil war which destroyed Baghdad	51
7719686788	true or false. Under Hashemite clan, divorce was common, homosexuality was practiced, and alcohol was consumed in public. (all against their beliefs)	true	52
7719689595	how did non arabs become dominant under the Hashemite Clan?	they needed people for the army so they started to use non arabs	53
7719694167	what dynasty established in 973	a new Shi'ite dynasty under the Fatimids in Egypt	54
7719697241	how was the Islamic world held together during times of falling apart?	the Arabic Language and the Qur'an	55
7719699383	The Seljuk Turks	nomadic peoples from central asia who converted to Islam and flourished as military mercenaries (mounted archers)	56
7719714229	what happened with the Turks in 1053	a Turkish leader captures Baghdad and then became sultan	57
7719726692	true or false. When the Turks took over Baghdad, the Abbasids remained cheif representatives of Sunni religious authority but the real military and political power came from the Seljuks	true	58
7719726693	what led to the crusades	when the Byzantines challenged the turks and turned to the west for help	59
7719731280	Were turks peaceful or barbarians	barbarians	60
7719735417	under Seljuk rule, Muslims began to organize themselves into____	brotherhoods	61
7719736759	Hasan Al Sabahh	a cairo trained persian who formed a rebel group known as the assassins. (eliminated by the mongols in the 13th century)	62
7719742973	how did Alexius 1 get help against the Muslims in the 11th century	he lied and said that Muslims were doing horrible atrocities and were threatening them.	63
7719746477	crusades	beginning in 1096 until the 13th century, a series of christian raids on Islam brought the holy land and adjacent areas on the Mediterranean coast from antioch in the Sinai Peninsula under Christian rule	64
7719759668	the end of the Fatimid dynasty	1169. Sunni Muslims, under Saladin, end them and he is named sultan	65
7719764517	Saladin and christians	he destroyed christian leaders in 1187. He did allow Christians to live and practice if they wanted. Now christians were no longer a significant force in the Middle East	66
7719775739	who seized control over the known world in the 13th century	the Mongols	67
7719775740	who began the Mongols	Genghis Khan	68
7719794658	were mongols muslim	no (although some did end up converting, as a whole they were not)	69
7719799916	what happened to the Mongols in the 14th century	they split into separate kingdoms and disintegrated	70
7719806769	where was a new center of Islamic Civilization	in Cairo which was about to promote a renaissance in Muslim culture under the Malmuks	71
7719829433	who and when ended the byzantine empire	Sultan Mehmet the 2nd in 1453	72
7719836847	who was Abd Al-Rathman	he escaped in Damascus and was on his way to Spain where there was Muslim power. In 756 he legitimized his authority and took the title Emur (commander)	73
7719841757	Andalusia	capital was Cordoba. Under Abd Al-Rathman in Spain. Eventually became part of a large trading network	74
7719850870	what cities were born in Andalusia	Cordoba, Seville and Toledo	75
7719855455	what was the official religion in Andalusia	Islam. Non muslims were encouraged to convert as a means of furthering their career	76
7719859262	what did the Policy of Convivencia provide	an environment for Christians and Jews to maintain their beliefs and obtain favors from the court	77
7719898319	when was the Palace of Cordoba destroyed	in 1009. 200 years later the last Caliphate disappeared	78
7719908423	a christian king named Alfonso VI seized Toledo so Muslim rulers in Selville called on who to stop them from coming any further	the Almuravids (The Berber Dynasty)	79
7719912995	The Almuravids	the destroyed the Christians under Alfonso VI and established their own rule. They brought an end to religious tolerance	80
7719930437	the New crusade in 1215	Pope Innocent the third called for this new crusade. they seized cities Seville and Cordoba but the mountain city of Granada with a fortress remained	81
7719939515	true or false. Humans should revise the Qur'an as they see fit	false. Humans never should revise it	82
7719947011	the Islamic doctrine should be consulted on... only religious matters or everything?	everything (politics, religion, social practices, etc. )	83
7719965394	when was Baghdad the greatest city in the Empire	under the Abbasids	84
7719967206	when was Cairo the greatest city in the Empire	under the Fatimids	85
7719970099	in powerful cities in the empire how were people segregated ?	by religion	86
7719972838	in what houses did Bedouins live	they lived in tents	87
7719975017	where did the bulk of the Arabian population live	in the country side	88
7719979088	what meat did the Arabs not eat	pork	89
7719980484	who introduced pasta to the italians	arabs	90
7719985974	what is the most impressive urban building in cities in the Arabian empire	palace for Caliphs and a Great Mosque	91
7719997446	which society was one of the most egalitarian of its time	the arab society	92
7719999103	slavery in arab society	-wide spread -employed in army or as domestic servants -could buy own freedom	93
7720006909	the islamic principle of equality fell short of ______	women	94
7720008776	women in arab society	-polygyny was allowed -divorce was only allowed for men -had to cover up all parts of their body -forbidden from social interactions with men outside the family	95
7720017579	harem	members drawn from non-muslim females throughout the empire	96
7720028156	eventually __________ became an international language	arabic	97
7720031788	where were key works by aristotle, plato and others kept (when translated into Arabic)	in "the house of wisdom" in Baghdad	98
7720040183	what did Justinian do in the 6th century c.e.	he was a Byzantine ruler who shut down the Platonic academy so many of the scholars fled to Baghdad	99
7720050645	when did paper factories first appear in Baghdad	end of the 8th century. this led to dissemination of Islamic culture	100
7720055252	Ibn Sina (Avicenna)	he cited Aristotle. He said the world operated not only at the will of Allah but also its own natural laws	101
7720062873	influence of Greek philosophy died in the 11th century. Who undertook Greek translation	Averroes and Maimonides	102
7720087942	Islamic math/science contributions	-adopted and passed on numerical system including the number 0 -algebra (founded by a persian) -arabic numerals replaced Roman numerals in 13th century -observatory set up in Baghdad	103
7720095849	astrolabe	instrument to help sailors use stars to navigate. This helped trading routes	104
7720100460	what did Avicenna do	he compiled a medical encyclopedia that among other things emphasized the contagious nature of certain diseases and spread through water	105
7720108792	there was no arabic language until the 4th century. how were records and poems kept	they were memorized	106
7720110683	monument of persian literature	book of lords	107
7720113197	what do muslims regard the greatest work in literature	the Qur'an	108
7720115897	book of kings	persian book of poems.	109
7720117748	Rabe'a of Quzdar	first Persian Poet	110
7720122330	most famous works of literature in the west	1. Rubaiyat (written by Omar Khayyam) 2. Tales from 1001 Nights (Arabian Nights) both of these were favored by Europeans	111
7720127420	Omar Khayyam	little is known on this poet. He combined poetry with math and science. Revised the calendar. Never wrote his poems down but were memorized.	112
7720136129	themes of Omar Khayyam's poems	down to earth. Impermanence of life, impossibility of knowing God and disbelief in the afterlife	113
7720141579	most famous of the stories from Arabian nights	Aladdin and the Magic Lamp	114
7720145315	Saudi	Persian Shakespeare. a favorite author in Iran. wrote Rose Garden and sonnet like love poems. master at art pithy maxim	115
7720149647	art pithy maxim	1 line witty observation on life	116
7720183576	sufism	a form of religious belief that called for a mystical relationship between Allah and humans	117
7720185910	Rumi	-abandoned Islam and converted to Sufism -believed reaching God was through love, not intellect	118
7720190728	Al-Mas'udi	born in Baghdad in 846. First great Islamic historian. He wrote Meadows of gold which is a source for the golden age	119
7720199642	Ibn Khaldun	equaled al-mas'udi and tried to combine philosophy and history.	120
7720210762	where is the ultimate expression of Islamic art found	in magnificent architectural monuments beginning late 7th century	121
7720215087	The Done of the Rock (Jerusalem)	one of the most revered Islamic monuments	122
7720333791	how did the first arabs pray	in an open court along a qibla (later mosques were created)	123
7720340586	Great Mosque of Samarra	10 acres, 464 pillars. Largest mosque every built	124
7720345484	Qibla wall	has a niche (mihrab) containing a decorated panel representing allah	125
7720347928	muezzin	crier who calls to prayer 5 times a day	126
7720355379	domiciles were reminiscent of ______ design	roman	127
7720359336	Alhambra in Spain	ultimate remaining Islamic Palace in the 14th century. creates a fairy tale castle feel. very intricate and floral. the lion court in the center of the harem is world renown for its lion fountain and columns	128
7720368296	what were rugs initially used for and what were they eventually used for	insulate stone palaces; religious purposes since they have to pray five times a day on clean ground	129
7720373915	girls jobs	-weaving rugs -at 4 she will prepare wool -6 learns how to actually weave a rug -an important part of a womens dowry to her husband	130
7720380300	decorations on rugs in Islam society	decorations were arabic script or natural plants.	131
7720384642	arabesques	repeated geometrical patterns covering the entire rug	132
7720389895	true or false. representation of Muhammad is encouraged	false!	133
7720389950	who used calligraphy	Persians	134
7720398947	in the 13th century a mongol dynasty was established in Tabriz. What did this do?	it gave the Islam communities contact with art of East Asia	135
7720402714	mongol art freed islamic painters of what	traditional confinement	136
7720406106	most famous paintings of Tabriz school	Ferdowzis "Book of Kings" expressing a new realistic concern for individual human qualities	137
7720412765	Chinese art gave Islamic artists what?	a sense of space	138
7720414572	artists working in Herat style often depicted?	mountain warriors	139
7748869224	Shari'a	Shari'a law is Islamic law. It is a list of principles that form part of the islamic tradition	140