Unit 2: Chemistry of Life Flashcards

10953462538	nonpolar covalent bond	a covalent bond in which the electrons are shared equally by the two atoms	0
10953462539	polar covalent bond	A covalent bond in which electrons are not shared equally	1
10953464105	ionic bond	A type of bond in which cations are attracted to anions	2
10953469241	hydrogen bond	A type of weak chemical bond formed when the slightly positive hydrogen atom of a polar covalent bond in one molecule is attracted to the slightly negative atom of a polar covalent bond in another molecule.	3
10953471332	organic compounds	Compounds that contain carbon	4
10953472582	Carbohydrates	Type of biomolecule that provides quick energy.	5
10953479627	Lipids	Energy-rich organic compounds, such as fats, oils, and waxes, that are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.	6
10953481231	Protein	An organic compound that is made of one or more chains of amino acids and that is a principal component of all cells	7
10953482993	nucleic acids	macromolecules containing hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus	8
10953484222	Cohesion	attraction between water molecules due to hydrogen bonding	9
10953487456	Adhesion	An attraction between a water molecule and another substance	10
10953490559	Hydrophilic	Having an affinity for water.	11
10953491921	Hydrophobic	Having an aversion to water; tending to coalesce and form droplets in water.	12
10953496389	Monomer	A simple compound whose molecules can join together to form polymers	13
10953496390	Polymer	A long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked together.	14
10953498075	Monosaccharides	Single sugar molecules	15
10953499525	Polysaccharides	Carbohydrates that are made up of more than two monosaccharides	16
10953501631	nucleotide	monomer of nucleic acids made up of a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base	17
10953503651	amino acids	building blocks of proteins	18
10953503652	amino group	A functional group that consists of a nitrogen atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms	19
10953509400	R group	used to represent one of 20 possible side chains found in amino acids of living systems	20
10953511364	Polypeptide	A polymer (chain) of many amino acids linked together by peptide bonds.	21
11059486991	primary structure	The specific sequence of amino acids making up a polypeptide chain.	22
11059490753	secondary structure	Contains an alpha helix or beta pleated sheet.	23
11059500017	tertiary structure	The overall, three-dimensional shape of a polypeptide due to interactions of the R groups of the amino acids making up the chain.	24
11059502439	quarternary structure	The shape resulting from the association of two or more polypeptide subunits.	25
11059502440	Enzymes	proteins that act as biological catalysts	26
11059505606	Substrate	The reactant on which an enzyme works.	27
11059507613	active site	a region on an enzyme that binds to a protein or other substance during a reaction.	28
11059509730	product	A substance produced in a chemical reaction	29
11059516568	competitive inhibitor	substance that resembles the normal substrate competes with the substrate for the active site	30
11059519983	non-competitive inhibitor	A substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme by binding to a location remote from the active site, changing its conformation so that it no longer binds to the substrate.	31
11059524899	allosteric site	A site on an enzyme other than the active site, to which a specific substance binds, thereby changing the shape and activity of the enzyme.	32
15569837442	dehydration synthesis	A chemical reaction in which two molecules are bonded together with the removal of a water molecule.	33
15569842867	hydrolysis	A chemical process that splits a molecule by adding water.	34
15569853454	denature	A change in the shape of a protein (such as an enzyme) that can be caused by changes in temperature or pH (among other things).	35