AP World History Stearns Chapter 21 Terms Flashcards

6057998861	Aurangzeb	Mughal emperor in India and great-grandson of Akbar 'the Great', scolded daughter for appearing in garments showing too muich body, under whom the empire reached its greatest extent, only to collapse after his death	0
6057998862	Humayan	Son and successor of Babur, good soldier; expelled from India in 1540 by being forced to flee to Persia, but restored Mughal rule by 1556; died by falling down stairs and hitting his head	1
6057998864	Taj Mahal	beautiful mausoleum at Agra built by the Mogul emperor Shah Jahan (completed in 1649) in memory of his favorite wife, major symbol of India	2
6057998865	Suleyman The Magnificant	reign began 1520; led attacks on Europe, ruler who presided over the height of Ottoman dominance and cultural influence	3
6057998867	Mumtaz Mahal	Shah Jahan's wife who had a building named after her (Taj Mahal) , as he was only passinate about her and beautiful buildings	4
6057998868	Nadir Khan Afshar	Soldier-adventurer following the fall of the Safavid dynasty in 1722; proclaimed himself shah in 1736; established short-lived dynasty in reduced kingdom, victorious from these blood struggles	5
6057998869	Ottomans	Turks who had come to Anatolia in the same wave of migrations as the Seljuks.	6
6057998870	Padishah	Safavid term used for king of kings.	7
6057998871	Red Heads	Safavid followers , called this because of distinctive head gear, preached shi'a doctrines	8
6057998873	Shah Abbas the Great	(ruled 1588-1629)He encouraged trade with other nations, and increased the use of gunpowder weapons. He revitalized the Safavid empire. Made great source of youths who were captured and then converted to Islam.	9
6057998874	Shi'a	the branch of Islam whose members acknowledge Ali and his descendants as the rightful successors of Muhammad	10
6057998875	Vizier	the highest office in the governmental hierarchy, had more real power than the sultan (a sort of prime minister.)	11
6057998877	Akbar	Most illustrious sultan of the Mughal Empire in India (r. 1556-1605). He expanded the empire and pursued a policy of conciliation with Hindus, 13 years old, carried out social reforms and invented his own universalistic religion, illiterate learned from father reading to him	12
6057998878	Sunni	A branch of Islam whose members acknowledge the first four caliphs as the rightful successors of Muhammad	13
6057998879	Nur Jahan	Wife of Jahangir; amassed power in court and created faction of male relatives who dominated Mughal Empire during later years of Jahangir's reign, died giving birth to her 19th child	14
6057998880	Golden Horn	nickname for Constantinople (capital of Byzantine empire) because it was shaped like a horn and brought in lots of trade (money, gold) because of its access to the Mediterranean, Black, and Aegean seas	15
6057998881	Shah Jahan	Mogul emperor of India during whose reign the finest monuments of Mogul architecture were built (including the Taj Mahal at Agra) (1592-1666)	16
6057998882	Marattas	Western Indian peoples who rebelled against Mughal control early in the 18th century and contributed to its downfall mainly because of Aurangzeb's draconian religious policies.	17
6057998883	Jizya	tax paid by Christians and Jews who lived in Muslim communities to allow them to continue to practice their own religion	18
6057998884	Mehmed II	Ottoman sultan also calle Mehmed the Conqueror, Murad's son, conquered Constaninople in 1453 and opened it to new citizens of many religions and backgrounds. The rebuilt city was renamed Instanbul.	19
6057998886	Isma'il	known as religious tyrant who killed any citizen who didn't convert, captured city of Tabriz, where he was proclaimed shah/emperor. Later conqured most of Persia.	20
6057998887	Gunpowder Empires	Muslim empires of the Ottomans, Safavids, and the Mughals that employed cannonry and gunpowder to advance their military causes.	21
6057998888	Imams	spiritual leaders of Shi'ah Islam, said to be direct descendents of Muhammad, successors of Ali	22
6057998889	Shah	title for the former hereditary monarch of Iran	23
6057998890	Safavid Dynasty	founded by a Turkic nomad family with Shi'a Islamic beliefs; established a kingdom in Iran and ruled until 1722.	24
6057998891	Babur	brilliant general who laid the foundation for the Mughal Empire, first Mughal emperor India, good military strategist, better conqueror than adminstrator	25
6057998892	Battle of Lepanto	Turkish sea power was destroyed in 1571 by a league of Christian nations organized by the Pope	26
6057998893	Din-i-Ilahi	Religion initiated by Akbar in Mughal India; blended elements of the many faiths of the subcontinent; key to efforts to reconcile Hindu and Muslims in India, but failed.	27
6057998895	Isfahan	Safavid capital under Abbas the Great; planned city laid out according to shah's plan; example of Safavid architecture.	28
6057998897	Sikhs	Nonviolent religous group that blended Buddhism, Hinduism and Sufism	29
6057998898	Purdah	seculsion of women in their homes from men or strangers	30
6057998899	Janissaries	Christian boys taken from families, converted to Islam, and then rigorously trained to serve the sultan, coercive labor example, vital to Ottoman success in warfare	31
6057998900	Abbas II	Khedive of Egypt 1892-1914 Nationalist, anti-British, clashed with Lord Cromer, Safavid emperor, 17th C. A.D.; converted people to Shiism	32
6057998901	Chaldiran	Important battle between the Safavids and Ottomans/ Sunni and Shi'a in 1514; Ottoman victory demonstrated the importance of firearms and checked the western advance of their Shi'a state.	33
6057998902	Tahmasp I	1534-1576. Won the throne after Isma'il , rebuilt the Safavid dynasty. Brought Turkic chiefs under control. Longest reign in the Safavid dynasty.	34
6057998903	Mullahs	Local mosque officials and prayer leaders within the Safavid Empire; agents of Safavid religious campaign to convert all of population to Shi'ism, given some support from state	35
6057998904	Sail al-Din	Early 14th century Sufi mystic; began campaign to purify/reform Islam; first member of Safavid dynasty.	36
6057998905	Mughal Dynasty	established by Babur in India in 1526; the name is taken from the supposed Mongol descent of Babur, but there is little indication of any Mongol influence in the dynasty; became weak after rule of Aurangzeb in first decades of 18th century.	37
6070271812	sati	burning of high caste Hindu women on their husbands' funeral pyres.	38
6070346830	Jahangir	Son of Akbar he was the "Grasper of the World." He married the Persian princess Nur Jahan, who really controlled the state affairs because he was a weak ruler. He was overthrown by his son Khusrau.	39