AP World History Reading Guide Chapter 17 Flashcards
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| 8633864274 | Who was Petrarch what did his writings emphasis? | -An Italian writer -He wrote of his ascent of a mountain, proud of his own skill and using the climb as a symbol of what he could achieve | 0 | |
| 8633864275 | What did the Renaissance challenge? | Medieval intellectual values & styles | 1 | |
| 8633864276 | What did it encourage? | A new brasher spirit that may have encouraged a new Western interest in exploring strange waters or urging that old truths be reexamined | 2 | |
| 8633864277 | How had painting changed (what was the new focus)? | Turned to new realism and classical and human-centered themes | 3 | |
| 8633864278 | What did Machiavelli emphasis? | Realistic discussions of how to seize and maintain power | 4 | |
| 8633864279 | Define humanism- | A focus on humankind as the center of intellectual & artistic endeavor | 5 | |
| 8633864280 | What had Renaissance merchants improved? | Their banking techniques | 6 | |
| 8633864281 | Why had the Mediterranean ports become less important? | New Atlantic trade routes | 7 | |
| 8633864282 | When did the Northern Renaissance begin and which countries were involved? | -After 1450 -France, the Low Countries, Germany, & England | 8 | |
| 8633864283 | Northern humanists were more religious than their Italian counterparts, trying to blend secular interests with continues Christian devotion. True or False | True | 9 | |
| 8633864284 | By the late 16th century, what were monarchs sponsoring? | Trading companies & colonial enterprises | 10 | |
| 8633864285 | How were ordinary people affected by the Renaissance? | Ordinary people were little touched by the Renaissance; the life of most peasants & artisans went on much as before | 11 | |
| 8633864286 | When was printing introduced and who perfected this technology in Europe? | -15th century -Johannes Gutenberg | 12 | |
| 8633864287 | What was the impact of the printing press? | Books were distributed in greater quantities & literacy began to gain ground and became a fertile source for new kinds of thinking | 13 | |
| 8633864288 | How did family change in the 16th century? | -Late marriage age -Emphasis of nuclear families of parents & children -Goal was to limit family birth rates | 14 | |
| 8633864289 | What was Martin Luther protesting against when he wrote his 95 theses? | Claims made by a papal representative in selling indulgences for money | 15 | |
| 8633864290 | Define indulgence- | Grants of salvation | 16 | |
| 8633864291 | Why did Germans start supporting Luther's ideas? | They saw an opportunity to gain more power | 17 | |
| 8633864292 | Define Protestantism- | General wave of religious dissent against the Catholic Church | 18 | |
| 8633864293 | Who started the Anglican Church and why? | -Henry VIII -To challenge papal attempts to enforce his first marriage | 19 | |
| 8633864294 | What did Calvinism insist on? | God's predestination of those who would be saved | 20 | |
| 8633864295 | What was the Catholic Reformation? | Restatement of traditional Catholic beliefs in response to Protestant Reformation; established councils that revived Catholic doctrine and refuted Protestant beliefs | 21 | |
| 8633864296 | Who are the Jesuits and what did they do for the Catholic Church? | -A new religious order founded during the Catholic Reformation -Were active in politics & sponsored Catholic missionary activity | 22 | |
| 8633864297 | What were the Results of the Protestant and Catholic Reformations? | A series of religious wars | 23 | |
| 8633864298 | Who was involved with the Thirty Years War? | -Germany -Sweden -Spain | 24 | |
| 8633864299 | What was the significance of the Treaty of Westphalia, 1648? | It agreed to a territorial tolerance concept: some states and cities chose one religion, some another | 25 | |
| 8633864300 | What were the issues involved in the English Civil War in the 1640s? | Religious issues combined with other problems | 26 | |
| 8633864301 | How were women's roles evolving or changing? | There were fewer alternatives for women who could not marry and women's emotional role in family improved with the new emphasis on affection | 27 | |
| 8633864302 | What did religious change promote? | Growing literacy along with the spread of the printing press | 28 | |
| 8633864303 | What was the economic impact of more importing more gold and silver into Europe? | Inflation | 29 | |
| 8633864304 | What did inflation encourage merchants to do? | Take new risks | 30 | |
| 8633864305 | What did colonial markets stimulate? | Manufacturing | 31 | |
| 8633864306 | Define proletariat- | People without access to wealth-producing property | 32 | |
| 8633864307 | Why were the poor blamed for the problems of society? | -Were more manipulable -Caused a growing problem of beggars & wandering poor | 33 | |
| 8633864308 | What did the uprising of 1648 produce in England? | Demands for a popular political voice | 34 | |
| 8633864309 | What did the witchcraft persecution reflect? | New resentments against the poor | 35 | |
| 8633864310 | What did the Scientific Revolution affect and promote? | -Affected formal intellectual life -Promoted changes in popular outlook | 36 | |
| 8633864311 | What did Copernicus discover? | The planets moved around the sun rather than the earth | 37 | |
| 8633864312 | What did Copernicus base his findings on? | Mathematics | 38 | |
| 8633864313 | Who else discovered what Copernicus discovered and when? | -Two Arabs, al-Urdi and al-Tusi -13th and 14th centuries | 39 | |
| 8633864314 | Who was Johannes Kepler? | An important early figure in the study of planetary motion | 40 | |
| 8633864315 | What did Galileo publicize? | Copernicus's discoveries while adding his own basic findings about the laws of gravity and planetary motion | 41 | |
| 8633864316 | Why was he condemned by the Church? | For his innovations | 42 | |
| 8633864317 | What did William Harvey demonstrate? | The circular movement of the blood in animals, with the heart as the "central pumping station" | 43 | |
| 8633864318 | What did Rene Descartes establish? | The importance of a skeptical review of all received wisdom, arguing that human reason could develop laws that would explain the fundamental workings of nature | 44 | |
| 8633864319 | What did Isaac Newton's work Principia Mathematica draw upon and why was it significant in the 17th century? | -Drew the various astronomical and physical observations and wider theories together in a neat framework of natural laws -It was a vision of a natural universe that could be captured in simple laws and a method of knowing that might do away with blind reliance on tradition or religious faith | 45 | |
| 8633864320 | What did people following Deism argue? | Although there might be a divinity, its role was simply to set natural laws in motion | 46 | |
| 8633864321 | The West was alone in developing crucial scientific data. True or False | False | 47 | |
| 8633864322 | Why had the monarchs gained new powers? | Curtailing the tradition of noble pressure or revolt | 48 | |
| 8633864323 | What did the French kings do to increase their powers? | -Stopped convening the medieval parliament -Passed laws as they saw fit -Appointed a growing bureaucracy -Sent direct representatives to the outlying provinces -Professionalized the army | 49 | |
| 8633864324 | What did the French system become known as? | Absolute monarchy | 50 | |
| 8633864325 | What French king truly represented the age of absolutism? | King Louis XIV | 51 | |
| 8633864326 | Where did the most important spread of absolute monarchy take place? | -The central European states that were gaining in importance -Prussia & eastern Germany | 52 | |
| 8633864327 | What did absolute monarchs focus on and hope for? | -Strong military -Territorial expansion | 53 | |
| 8633864328 | What countries stood apart from the trend toward absolute monarchy? | -Britain -Netherlands | 54 | |
| 8633864329 | What did those countries emphasize instead? | The role of the central state | 55 | |
| 8633864330 | What was the result of the Glorious Revolution? | Parliament won basic sovereignty over the king | 56 | |
| 8633864331 | What did John Locke argue? | Argued that power came from the people, not from a divine right to royal rule | 57 | |
| 8633864332 | How was parliamentary monarchy different from absolute monarchy? | Maintained a characteristic tension between government growth & the idea that there should be some limits to state authority | 58 | |
| 8633864333 | What did ordinary people start to believe? | That government should act for their interests | 59 | |
| 8633864334 | What did Louis XIV begin to face? | Recurrent popular riots based on the assumption that when bad harvests drove up food prices, the government was obligated to help people out | 60 | |
| 8633864335 | Who was Frederick the Great? | The king of Prussia | 61 | |
| 8633864336 | What did the policies of the major Western nation-states produce? | Recurrent warfare | 62 | |
| 8633864337 | What did the Enlightenment thinkers support? | Scientific advance | 63 | |
| 8633864338 | What did the Enlightenment apply scientific methods to? | The study of human society | 64 | |
| 8633864339 | What did political theorists write about? | The importance of carefully planned constitutions and controls over privilege | 65 | |
| 8633864340 | Who is Adam Smith and what did he argue? | Argued that people act according to self-interest but, through competition, promote general economic advance | 66 | |
| 8633864341 | What sort of principles did the Enlightenment produce about humans? | Human beings are good, at least improvable, and they can be educated to be better; reason is the key to truth, and religions that rely on blind faith or refuse to tolerate diversity are wrong | 67 | |
| 8633864342 | Who was Mary Wollstonecraft? | A feminist thinker who argued against the general male-centered views of most Enlightenment thinkers | 68 | |
| 8633864343 | How did attitudes toward children change? | -Older methods of physical discipline were criticized in favor of more restrained behavior that would respect the goodness and innocence of children -Swaddling declined -Educational books & toys became popular | 69 | |
| 8633864344 | How did marriage change? | Became more widely sought | 70 | |
| 8633864345 | What did ordinary Westerns begin to buy? | Processed products (ex. refined sugar, coffee, & tea) | 71 | |
| 8633864346 | What did the new consumerism suggest? | Growing importance of Europe's new colonies for ordinary life | 72 | |
| 8633864347 | What was the purpose of the three-field system? | To restore the land's fertility | 73 | |
| 8633864348 | What was the impact of the potato (a New World crop)? | Won peasants greater economic security & better nutrition | 74 | |
| 8633864349 | Define capitalism- | The investment of funds in hope of larger profits | 75 | |
| 8633864350 | What did the 18th century witness the rapid spread of? | Household production of textiles and metal products | 76 | |
| 8633864351 | What was the Western economy moving toward in the 18th century? | A full-fledged Industrial Revolution | 77 | |
| 8633864352 | What did population growth encourage? | Further economic change | 78 | |
| 8633864353 | What did stronger governments promote? | Agricultural improvements | 79 |