AP World History - Post Classical Flashcards

The Post-Classical World, 500-1450
Original from MrsBHatchTEACHER

11320918391	Bedouin	nomadic pastoralists of the Arabian peninsula with a culture based on herding camels and goats	0
11320918392	Mecca	Arabian commercial center; dominated by the Quraysh; the home of Muhammad and the future center of Islam	1
11320918393	Medina	town northeast of Mecca; asked Muhammad to resolve its intergroup differences; Muhammad's flight to Medina, the hijra, in 622 began the Muslim calendar	2
11320918394	Umayyad	First dynasty of the Arab-Islamic Caliphate	3
11320918395	Muhammad	(570-632); Founding prophet of Islam, originally an Arabian merchant	4
11320918396	Qur'an	the word of god as revealed through Muhammad; made into the holy book of Islam	5
11320918398	Five Pillars	the obligatory religious duties for all Muslims; confession of faith, prayer, fasting during Ramadan, zakat, and hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca)	6
11320918399	Caliph	the successor to Muhammad as head of the Islamic community	7
11320918400	Ali	cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad; one of the orthodox caliphs; focus for the development of shi'ism	8
11320918401	Abu Bakr	succeeded Muhammad as the first caliph	9
11320918402	Jihad	Islamic holy war	10
11320918403	Sunnis	followers of the majority interpretation within Islam; included the Umayyads	11
11320918404	Shi'a	followers of Ali's interpretation of Islam	12
11320918406	Abbasids	dynasty that succeeded the Umayyads in 750; their capital was at Baghdad	13
11320918407	Hadiths	"traditions" of the prophet Muhammad; added to the Qur'an, form the essential writings of Islam	14
11320918408	Seljuk Turks	nomadic invaders from central Asia; staunch Sunnis; ruled from the 11th c. in the name of the Abbasids	15
11320918409	Crusades	invasions of western Christians into Muslim lands, especially Palestine; captured Jerusalem and established Christian kingdoms enduring until 1291	16
11320918410	Ulama	Islamic religious scholars; pressed for a more conservative and restrictive theology; opposed to non-Islamic thinking	17
11320918411	Sufis	Islamic mystics; spread Islam to many Afro-Asian regions	18
11320918412	Mongols	central Asian nomadic peoples; Established huge empire connecting East and Central/Southwest Asia	19
11320918413	Chinggis Khan	(1162-1227); Mongol ruler; defeated the Turkish Persian kingdoms	20
11320918414	Mamluks	Rulers of Egypt; descended from Turkish slaves	21
11320918415	Arabic numerals	Indian numerical notation brought by the Arabs to the West	22
11320918417	Malacca	flourishing trading city in Malaya; established a trading empire after the fall of Shrivijaya	23
11320918418	Mali	West African state engaged in Trans-Saharan trade	24
11320918419	Mansa Musa	title of the ruler of Mali	25
11320918420	Ibn Battuta	Arab traveler throughout the Muslim world	26
11320918423	East African trading ports	urbanized commercial centers mixing African and Arab cultures; included Mogadishu, Mombasa, Malindi, Kilwas, Pate, and Zanzibar: Monsoon trade	27
11320918424	Great Zimbabwe	with massive stone buildings and walls, incorporates the greatest early buildings in sub-Saharan Africa	28
11320918425	Greek Fire	Byzantine weapon consisting of mixture of chemicals that ignited when exposed to water; used to drive back the Arab fleets attacking Constantinople	29
11320918426	Icons	images of religious figures venerated by Byzantine Christians	30
11320918427	Iconoclasm	the breaking of images; religious controversy of the 8th c; Byzantine emperor attempted, but failed, to suppress icon veneration	31
11320918430	Kiev	commercial city in Ukraine established by Scandinavians in 9th c; became the center for a kingdom that flourished until 12th c	32
11320918431	Russian Orthodoxy	Russian form of Christianity brought from Byzantine Empire	33
11320918433	Middle Ages	the period in western European history between the fall of Roman Empire and the 15th c	34
11320918434	Gothic	an architectural style developed during the 13th and 14th c in western Europe; featured pointed arches and flying buttresses as external support on main walls	35
11320918435	Vikings	seagoing Scandinavian raiders who disrupted coastal areas of Europe from the 8th to 11th c; pushed across the Atlantic to Iceland, Greenland, and North America; formed permanent territories in Normandy and Sicily	36
11320918436	Manorialism	rural system of reciprocal relations between landlords and their peasant laborers during the Middle Ages; peasants exchanged labor for use of land and protection	37
11320918437	Serfs	Peasant workers, unfree but not chattel slaves. Owed labor to land owners, could expect land and justice	38
11320918438	Three-field system	practice of dividing land into thirds, rotating between two different crops and pasturage-- an improvement making use of manure	39
11320918439	Clovis	King of the Franks; converted to Catholic Christianity circa 496	40
11320918440	Carolingians	royal house of Franks from 8th c to 10th c	41
11320918441	Charlemagne	Carolingian monarch who established large empire in France and Germany circa 800	42
11320918442	Holy Roman Emperors	political heirs to Charlemagne's empire in northern Italy and Germany; claimed title of emperor but failed to develop centralized monarchy	43
11320918443	Feudalism	Theoretical political system of medieval Europe in which power devolves from center to lnadowning nobles	44
11320918444	Parliaments	bodies representing privileged groups; institutionalized the principle that kings ruled with the advice and consent of their subjects	45
11320918445	Hundred Years War	conflict between England and France over territory (1337-1453) Established a since of Nationalism with each country. Joan of Arc united the French and promoted French patriotism.	46
11320918447	Thomas Aquinas	creator of one of the great syntheses of medieval learning; taught at University of Paris; author of Summas; believed that through reason it was possible to know much about natural order, moral law, and nature of God	47
11320918448	Scholasticism	dominant medieval philosophical approach; so-called because of its base in the schools or universities; based on use of logic to resolve theological problems	48
11320918449	Hanseatic League	an organization of north German and Scandinavian cities for the purpose of establishing a commercial alliance	49
11320918450	Guilds	associations of workers in the same occupation in a single city; stressed security and mutual control; limited membership, regulated apprenticeships, guaranteed good workmanship; held a privileged place in cities	50
11320918451	Black Death	bubonic plague that struck Europe in the 14th c; significantly reduced Europe's population; affected social structure; decimated populations in Asia	51
11320918453	Mahayana (Pure Land) Buddhism	emphasized salvationist aspects of Chinese Buddhism; popular among the masses in East Asia	52
11320918457	Junks	Chinese ships equipped with watertight bulkheads, stern-post rudders, compasses, and bamboo fenders; dominant force in Asian seas east of the Malayan peninsula	53
11320918477	Muhammad's primary historical achievement	spread of Islam	54
11320918478	Silk Road Trade system	System of multiple land trade routes connecting East Asia to Mediterranean, and South and Central Asia	55
11320918480	Important continuity in social structure of states and empires 600-1450	land holding aristocracies, patriarchies, peasant systems still in place	56
11320918482	Diasporic communities	merchant communities that introduced their own cultures into other areas	57
11320918483	Trans Saharan trade	Trade routes connecting North and West Africa. Gold and Salt, aiding spread of Islam to West Asia	58
11320918484	Effect of Muslim conquests	collapse of other empires, mass conversion	59
11320918486	Indian Ocean Maritime Trade	Maritime trade routes connecting India to East African and SW Asia. Aided spread of Indian technology and ideas and spread of Islam to India	60
11320918487	Cities that rose during this time due to increased trade	Novgorod, Constantinople, Timbuktu	61
11320918488	Timbuktu	trade center of Mali, cosmopolitan city that saw the blending of many different cultures and people	62
11320918490	Bantu Migrations	Spread of Bantu speaking peoples from West to East and South Africa. Iron use, cattle herding	63
11321110376	Polynesian Migrations	Movement of peoples in the Pacific which populated many islands; spread knowledge of agriculture, chickens	64
11321126880	Justinian and Theodora	Ruler of Byzantine Empire (527-565) and his wife, known for Golden Age achievements in Constantinople and the expansion of the empire. Also, took the role of church and political leader.	65
11321131443	Great Schism of 1054	The separation between the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church	66
11321137932	Battle of Tours	(732 CE) European victory over Muslims. It halted Muslim movement into Western Europe.	67
11321165107	Serf	A person who is bound to the land and owned by the feudal lord	68
11321174335	Propaganda	information that is spread for the purpose of promoting some cause	69
11321197604	Outcome of the Crusades	increased trade in Europe and the development of towns.	70
11321223586	cultural diffusion	The spread of ideas, customs, and technologies from one people to another	71
11321223587	cultural syncretism	When an aspect of two or more distinct cultures blend together to create a new custom, idea, practice, or philosophy.	72