Chapter 3 AP World History Flashcards

7193008165	Buddha	Def - Creator of a major Indian and Asian religion; born in 6th century B.C.E. as son of local ruler among Aryan tribes located near Himalayas; became an ascetic; found enlightenment under bo tree; taught that enlightenment could be achieved only by abandoning desires for all earthly things. Significance - Buddha founded one of the great world religions. Analyze - A thinker now known as Buddha was the one who founded a great world religion.	0
7193010205	Alexander the Great	Def - Successor of Philip II; successfully conquered Persian Empire prior to his death in 323 B.C.E; attempted to combine Greek and Persian cultures. Significance - When Alexander the Great invaded India, he made possible contacts with Hellenistic culture. Analyze - These possible contacts were made from India by Alexander the Great.	1
7193017694	Himalayas	Def - Mountain region marking the northern border of the Indian subcontinent; site of the Aryan settlements that formed small kingdoms or warrior republics. Significance - Important passes through the mountains, especially in the Northwest, linked India to other civilizations in the Middle East. Analyze - The important trade routes allowed India to trade with other civilizations.	2
7193031787	Monsoons	Def - Seasonal Winds crossing Indian subcontinent and southeast Asia; during summer, it brings rains. Significance - The monsoons vary from year to year, sometimes bringing too little rain or coming too late. Analyze - The monsoons vary from year to year and how much rain is there.	3
7193036280	Aryans	Def - Indo-European nomadic pastoralists who replaced Harappan civilization; militarized society Significance - The Aryans were from Central Asia and were hunting and gathering before farming. Analyze - The Aryans had relocated from Central Asia for farming.	4
7193041580	Sanskrit	Def - the sacred and classical Indian language. Significance - The literary epics developed by the Aryan's was initially passed on orally and were written down in Sanskrit, which became the first literary language of the new culture. Analyze - Sanskrit was the first language of the new culture thanks to the Aryan's.	5
7193079394	Vedas	Def - Aryan hymns originally transmitted orally but written down in sacred books from the 6th century B.C.E. Significance - The sacred books in which the Aryan hymns are written are called the Vedas. Analyze - The Vedas have been around for a very long time.	6
7193088647	Mahabharata	Def - Indian epic of war, princely honor, love, and social duty; written down in the centuries B.C.E; previously handed down in oral form. Significance - During the Epic Age, new stories were developed such as the Mahabharata and Ramayana. Analyze - The Mahabharata epic was developed in the Epic Age between 1000 and 6000 B.C.E.	7
7193098526	Ramayana	Def - One of the great epic tales from classical India; traces adventures of King Rama and his wife, Sita; written 4th to 2nd centuries B.C.E. Significance - The Mahabharata and Ramayana both reflect a more settled agricultural society and better-organized political units than the Rig-Veda. Analyze - The Rig- Veda does not reflect a more settled agricultural society than the Mahabharata and Ramayana.	8
7193109885	Upanishads	Def - Later books of the Vedas; contained sophisticated and sublime philosophical ideas utilized by Brahmans to restore religious authority. Significance - The Upanishads had a more mystical religious flavor than the other epics. Analyze - The other epic poems were not that mystical compared to the Upanishads.	9
7193119262	Varnas	Def - Clusters of caste groups in Aryan society; four social castes - Brahmans(priests), warriors, merchants, and peasants; beneath Aryan castes was group of socially untouchable Dasas Significance - The Varnas had the brahmans on the top and the dasas on the bottom. Analyze - The dasas were very poor while the brahmans were very rich.	10
7193159852	Untouchables	Def - Low social caste in Hindu culture; performed tasks that were considered polluting - street sweeping, removal of human waste, and tanning. Significance - Was widely believed that if someone touched an untouchable, they would defile anyone from a superior class. Analyze - The untouchables were very poor and could not be touched by anyone.	11
7193177513	Indra	Def - Chief deity of the Aryans; depicted as a colossal, hard-drinking warrior. Significance - Indra was the god of thunder and strength. Analyze - The Aryans brought a religion of many gods and goddesses, who regulated natural forces and possessed human qualities which was why Indra was the god of thunder and strength.	12
7193185428	Chandragupta Maurya	Def - (r. 322 - 298 B.C.E.) Founder of Maurya dynasty; established first empire in Indian subcontinent; first centralized government since Harappan civilization. Significance - The Mauryan empire were the first empire to unify much of the empire of the entire subcontinent. Analyze - This empire did many things such as have the first centralized government since the Harappan civilization.	13
7193204350	Mauryan	Def - Dynasty established in Indian subcontinent in 4th century B.C.E. following invasion by Alexander the Great. Significance - The dynasty which unified much of the entire subcontinent. Analyze - The Mauryans were the first empire to have a centralized government since the Harappan civilization.	14
7193214808	Ashoka	Def -(r. 273 - 232 B.C.E.) Grandson of Chandragupta Maurya; completed conquests of Indian subcontinent; converted to Buddhism and sponsored spread of new religion throughout his empire. Significance - Ashoka extended Mauryan conquests, gaining control of all but the southern tip of India through fierce fighting. Analyze - Ashoka was a great figure in Indian history.	15
7193227513	Dharma	Def - The caste position and career determined by a person's birth; Hindu culture required that one accept one's social position to have a better situation in the next life. Significance - The dharma was the law of moral consequences. Analyze - The dharma was superior in the Indian subcontinent.	16
7193236707	Guptas	Def - Dynasty that succeeded Kushans in the 3rd century C.E; built empire that extended to all but the southern regions of indian sub-continent; less centralized than Mauryan empire. Significance - The Guptas established a large empire beginning in 320 C.E. Analyze - The Guptas were not as popular as the Mauryans.	17
7193246259	Kautilya	Def - (350 - 275 B.C.E) Political advisor to Chandragupta Maurya; one of the authors of Arthashastra; believed in scientific application of warfare. Significance - Kautilya wrote an important treatise on politics but it was devoted to telling rulers what methods would work to maintain power. Analyze - Kautilya was a writer who wrote a treatise on politics.	18
7193255173	Gurus	Def - Originally referred to as Brahmans who served as teachers for the princes of the imperial court of the Guptas. Significance - The gurus gathered disciples around them and served as teachers. Analyze - The gurus were like present day teachers.	19
7193260091	Vishnu	Def - The Brahman, later Hindu god of sacrifice; widely worshipped. Significance - There are several gods including Vishnu, the preserver, and Shiva, the destroyer. Analyze - These gods can be worshipped or placated as expressions of the holy essence.	20
7193267770	Shiva	Def - Hindu god of destruction and reproduction; worshipped as the personification of cosmic faces of change. Significance - Shiva's most frequent Indian religious image is of him as a celestial dancer. Analyze - There are not that much famous Idols of Shiva.	21
7193275672	Reincarnation	Def - The successful attachment of the soul to some animate form according to merits earned in previous lives. Significance - Where the soul goes after a person has died depends on how good a life that person had led. Analyze - The point of reincarnation is to let a person's soul attach to someone or something.	22
7193289862	Buddha	Def - Creator of a major Indian and Asian religion; born in 6th century B.C.E. as son of local ruler among Aryan tribes located near Himalayas; became an ascetic; found enlightenment under bo tree; taught that enlightenment could be achieved only by abandoning desires for all earthly things. Significance - The Buddha's real name was Siddartha Gautama. Analyze - His nickname was the Buddha.	23
7193293168	Nirvana	Def - The Buddhist state of enlightenment, a state of tranquility. Significance - Individuals could regulate their lives and aspirations toward this goal without elaborate ceremonies. Analyze - Nirvana was easy to reach.	24
7193297701	Kumasutra	Def - Written by Vatsayana during Gupta era; offered instructions on all aspects of life for higher-caste males, including grooming, hygiene, etiquette, selection of wives, and lovemaking. Significance - Kumasutra was written in the 4th century C.E. Analyze - Kumasutra has been written for a long time.	25
7193307847	Stupas	Def - Stone shrines built to house pieces of bone or hair and personal possessions said to be relics of the Buddha; preserved Buddhist architectural forms. Significance - Stupas were spherical shrines for Buddha. Analyze - Ashoka helped the people recognize Buddha.	26
7193317475	Scholar- Gentry	Def - Chinese class created by the marital linkage of the local land-holding aristocracy with the office-holding shi; superseded shi as governess of China. Significance - The scholar- gentry's were elite people. Analyze - Chinese thinkers made a distinction between common people and scholar-gentry.	27
7199004220	Indian civilization was deeply influenced by geography and climate.		28
7199005336	Centuries of Aryan invasion and consideration laid the foundation of classical Indian civilization.		29
7199006838	Two major empires united large parts of India at crucial periods in classical Indian history.		30
7199008228	Local and regional governments dominated in India, which placed less emphasis on politics than other early civilizations.		31
7199010011	Hinduism and Buddhism were the religions of classical India, helping also to shape distinctively Indian arts and sciences.		32
7199011097	The caste system structured India's social framework, but a strong emphasis on trade was also important.		33
7199107781	Family life combined patriarchy with an emphasis on affection.		34
7199110755	Because of it's extensive trade, India's artistic and cultural influence reached many parts of the ancient world, even as India shaped a distinctive version of classical civilization.		35