AP World History Chapter 1-2 Early Human Societies Flashcards

7422212594	Paleolithic Age	the Old Stone Age ending in 12,000 B.C.E.; typified by use of crude stone tools and hunting and gathering for subsistence.	0
7422230776	subsistence agriculture	agriculture designed primarily to provide food for direct consumption by the farmer and the farmer's family.	1
7422246017	Homo sapiens sapiens	the humanoid species that emerged as most successful at the end of the paleolithic period.	2
7422404075	Mesolithic Age	the Middle Stone Age.	3
7422257265	Neolithic Age	the New Stone Age between 8000 and 5000 B.C.E.; period in which adaptation of sedentary agriculture occurred; domestication of plants and animals accomplished.	4
7422276154	Neolithic revolution	the succession of technological innovations and changes in human organization that led to the development of agriculture; 8500 - 3500 B.C.E.	5
7422291497	hunting and gathering	the original human economy, ultimately eclipsed by agriculture; groups hunt for meat and forage for grains, nuts, and berries.	6
7422310492	Catal Huyuk	[cha-tal HOY-ewk] early urban culture based on sedentary agriculture; located in modern southern Turkey; was larger in population than Jericho, had greater degree of social stratification.	7
7422326331	Bronze Age	from about 4000 B.C.E., when bronze tools were first introduced in the Middle East, to about 1500 B.C.E., when iron began to replace it.	8
7422344487	nomads (pastoralists)	cattle- and sheep-herding societies normally found on the fringes of civilized societies; commonly referred to as "barbarian" by civilized societies.	9
7422364638	pastoral nomadism	a form of subsistence agriculture based on the herding of domesticated animals. The word "pastoral" refers to sheep herding. It is adapted to dry climates, where planting crops is impossible.	10
7422382881	civilization	societies distinguished by reliance on sedentary agriculture, ability to produce food surpluses, and existence of non-farming elites, as well as merchant and manufacturing groups.	11
7422399690	Mesopotamia	literally "between the rivers"; the civilizations that arose in the alluvial plain of the Tigris and Euphrates river valleys.	12
7422427480	Sumerians	people who migrated into Mesopotamia c. 4000 B.C.E.; created first civilization within region; organized area into city-states.	13
7422438880	cuneiform	a form of writing developed by the Sumerians using a wedge-shaped stylus and clay tablets.	14
7422446887	ziggurats	massive towers usually associated with Mesopotamian temple complexes.	15
7422466211	city-state	a form of political organization typical of Mesopotamian civilizations; consisted of agricultural hinterlands ruled by an urban-based king.	16
7422475031	Babylonians	unified all of Mesopotamia c. 1800 B.C.E.; empire collapsed due to foreign invasion c. 1600 B.C.E.	17
7422487174	Hammurabi	(r. 1792 - 1750) the most important ruler of the Babylonian empire; responsible for the codification of law.	18
7422507852	pharaoh	title of kings of ancient Egypt.	19
7422512579	pyramids	monumental architecture typical of Old Kingdom Egypt; used as burial sites for pharaohs.	20
7422519059	Kush	an African state that developed along the upper reaches of the Nile c. 1000 B.C.E.; conquered Egypt and ruled it for several centuries.	21
7422534123	Indus River	river sources in Himalayas to mouth in Arabian Sea; location of Harappan civilization.	22
7422544193	Harappa	along with Mohenjodaro, major urban complex of the Harappan civilization; laid out on planned grid pattern.	23
7422552371	Aryans	Indo-European nomadic pastoralists who replaced Harappan civilization; militarized society.	24
7422561232	Vedas	Aryan hymns originally transmitted orally but written down in sacred books from the 6th century B.C.E.	25
7422582472	Mahabharata	Indian epic of war, princely honor, love, and social duty; written down in the last centuries B.C.E.; previously handed down in oral form.	26
7422591339	Ramayana	one of the great epic tales from classical India; traces adventures of king Rama and his wife, Sita; written 4th to 2nd centuries B.C.E.	27
7422604666	Upanishads	later books of the Vedas; contained sophisticated and sublime philosophical ideas; utilized by Brahmans to restore religious authority.	28
7422623208	Yellow River	also known as the Huanghe; site of development of sedentary agriculture in China.	29
7422630294	ideographs	pictographic characters grouped together to create new concepts; typical of Chinese writing.	30
7422645380	Shang	first Chinese dynasty for which archaeological evidence exists; capital located in Ordos bulge of the Huanghe; flourished 1600 to 1046 B.C.E.	31
7422666951	Zhou	the dynasty which followed the Shang; flourished between 1029 and about 700 B.C.E., although technically extending beyond this point.	32
7422678483	Olmecs	people of cultural tradition that arose at San Lorenzo and La Venta in Mexico c. 1200 B.C.E.; featured irrigated agriculture, urbanism, elaborate religion, and beginnings of calendrical and writing systems.	33
7422703171	Chavin de Huantar	Chavin culture appeared in highlands of Andes between 1800 and 1200 B.C.E.; typified by ceremonial centers with large stone buildings; greatest ceremonial center was Chavin de Huantar; characterized by artistic motifs.	34
7422723863	Phoenicians	seafaring civilization located on the shores of the eastern Mediterranean; established colonies throughout the Mediterranean.	35
7422734788	monotheism	the exclusive worship of a single god; introduced by the Jews into western civilization.	36