AP World History AMSCO Period 1 Vocab Flashcards

10457984925	overfarming	when agricultural land loses its fertility when used repeatedly	0
10457984926	overgrazing	the continual eating of grasses or their roots	1
10457984927	artifacts	objects made by people in the past	2
10457984928	homo sapiens sapiens	modern humans	3
10457984929	Paleolithic Period	early years of human history; began 2.5 million years ago, ended 10,000 years ago -known for stone tools and weapons	4
10457984930	Neolithic Revolution	a set of dramatic changes in how people lived based on the development of agriculture	5
10457984931	monotheism	worshiping only one deity	6
10457984932	Bronze Age	between 3300-2300 B.C.E.; new metal was such an advance that it gave the era a new name	7
10457984933	civilization	a large society with cities and powerful states	8
10457984934	core and foundational civilizatons	the main 6 river valley civilizations (Mesopotamian, Egyptian, Indian, Chinese, and American civilizations) that developed ways of life such as language, religious beliefs, and economic practices that influenced successor civilizations in those regions	9
10457984935	Jericho	one of humankind's first cities; built on the west bank of the Jordan River	10
10457984936	Catal Huyuk	another ancient city that has well-preserved remains which help historians understand life back then	11
10457984937	textiles	items made of cloth	12
10457984938	specialization of labor	the process of allowing people to focus on limited tasks	13
10457984939	copper	metal found as a pure state in the ground; allowed for the making of bronze	14
10457984940	bronze	mixture of tin and copper; creating a stronger mixture, huge advance	15
10457984941	hunter-forager	(hunter-gatherers) people who survived by hunting animals and foraging for seeds, buts, fruit, and edible roots	16
10457984942	agriculture	the practice of raising crops or livestock on a continual and controlled basis	17
10457984943	surplus	more than what a civilization needs for themselves	18
10457984944	domestication	process of taming wild animals so that they could be brought to live with humans	19
10457984945	nomadic pastoralism	a lifestyle based on people moving herds of animals from pasture to pasture	20
10457984946	kinship group	several hunter-forager families that moved together in search of food	21
10457984947	clan	a larger group of multiple kinship groups	22
10457984948	tribe	multiple clans combined into a larger group	23
10457984949	patriarchal society	a society dominated by men	24
10457984950	artisans	people who made objects people needed (ex: clothing, pottery)	25
10457984951	merchants	people who buy and sell goods for a living	26
10457984952	social stratification	the system by which society ranks categories of people in a hierarchy	27
10457984953	preists	men who supervised religious ceremonies, and explained how ruler's behavior and rulings were based on religious doctrine	28
10457984954	priestesses	women who supervised religious ceremonies, and explained how ruler's behavior and rulings were based on religious doctrine	29
10457984955	Tigris and Euphrates	rivers that flow through modern Turkey through Iraq into the Persian Gulf	30
10457984956	Mesopotamia	area between the Tigris and Euphrates	31
10457984957	Fertile Crescent	region that includes parts of Egypt and all of Mesopotamia	32
10457984958	Carthage	a Phoenician colony on the coast of North Africa	33
10457984959	Sahara	desert zone in northern Africa	34
10457984960	Kalahari	desert zone in southern Africa	35
10457984961	Nile River	begins in the interior of Africa and flows north to empty into the Meditteranean Sea	36
10457984962	desertification	the creation of desert-like conditions	37
10457984963	Indus River Valley	river valley in India	38
10457984964	environmental degradation	mass deforestation and soil erosion	39
10457984965	deforestation	removal of large numbers of trees	40
10457984966	Huang He	Yellow River; connects China's northern interior to the Yellow Sea	41
10457984967	Chiang Jiang	Yangtze River; stretches almost 4,000 miles across Central China	42
10457984968	loess	a type of fertile soil that is yellow in color	43
10457984969	Mesoamerica	Central America and Mexico	44
10457984970	maize	corn	45
10457984971	Oceania and Polynesia	the region in the Pacific Ocean; New Guinea, Australia, and other islands	46
10457984972	division of labor	other civilizations beginning to work in areas other than producing food	47
10457984973	barter	the direct exchange of goods without involving money	48
10457984974	polytheistic	worshiping many gods	49
10457984975	ziggurats	large stepped pyramids	50
10457984976	astronomy	the study of objects outside Earth's atmosphere	51
10457984977	astrology	the predicting the future by studying movements of stars and planets	52
10457984978	Hebrews (Israelites, Jews)	lived in the region of Canaan (present-day Isreal, Palestine, and Lebanon)	53
10457984979	Abraham	founder of Caanan who left Mesopotamia to settle there; Christians, Jews, and Muslims trace their roots to him	54
10457984980	Moses	the man who led the Hebrews out of captivity to Canaan, and also introduced the 10 Commandments	55
10457984981	Ten Commandments	a code of conduct that was influential in areas dominated by Christianity	56
10457984982	Jewish Diaspora	the spreading of the Jews throughout the Mediterranean and the Middle East	57
10457984983	theocrats	rulers holding both religious and political power	58
10457984984	Aten	the sun god that Ahkenaton ordered Egypt to worship exclusively	59
10457984985	mummification	the removing of the body's internal organs, drying the body with salts and packing its insides and wrapping it with chemically treated cloth	60
10457984986	Aryans	Indo-European speaking peoples from Central Asia (Persia)	61
10457984987	Hindi	originated from Sanskrit (India's sacred language), still widely spoken	62
10457984988	Vedas	collection of Aryan religious hymns, poems, and songs	63
10457984989	Vedic Age	age of Aryans growing awareness of Dravidian beliefs	64
10457984990	brahmin	Indian priest	65
10457984991	brahma	a universal soul that connects all creatures on Earth	66
10457984992	dharma	righteous duties and deeds	67
10457984993	karma	fate in the next life	68
10457984994	moksha	eternal peace or unity with brahma	69
10457984995	ancestor veneration	the belief that since the spirits of ancestors could speak to gods for them, making offerings to them to win their favor	70
10457984996	Golden Age	a period in society of relative prosperity, peace, and innovation	71
10457984997	scribes	a separate class of people who were skilled at reading and writing a certain language	72
10457984998	The Epic of Gilgamesh	the oldest story on the Earth, written in cuneiform	73
10457984999	cuneiform	world's first writing system from the Sumerians	74
10457985000	alphabetic script	a system of symbols/letters that represent the sounds of speech; Phoenicians had a 22 letter alphabet	75
10457985001	hieroglyphics	picture writing used by the Ancient Egyptians	76
10457985002	papyrus	a type of plant that grew along the Nile River that was used to make a type of paper	77
10457985003	Book of the Dead	a paper book that Egyptians put inside the coffins of the dead pharaohs that told the story of the dead person	78
10457985004	Indo-European	a set of languages that involved Sanskrit and Latin	79
10457985005	Sanskrit	the sacred language of the Aryans	80
10457985006	Rig-Veda	a section of the Veda that sheds light on ancient Indian society and their conflicts between Dravidian and Aryan societies, and outlined proper brahmin behavior	81
10457985007	Upanishads	a foundational text for the set of beliefs that later became known as Hinduism	82
10457985008	pictographs/glyphs	Ancient Chinese graphic symbols that represented an an idea, concept or object	83
10457985009	Austronesian speakers	Oceanic peoples from southern China who moved from the Philippines and Taiwan	84
10457985010	feudalism	local rulers governing as they wished, who paid taxes to the king and provided soldiers for the kings army	85
10457985011	Sumer and Sumerians	a group of nomadic pastoralists who migrated into Mesopotamia, settling alongiside people already living there	86
10457985012	Uruk	the largest city-state in Sumer with a population of roughly 50,000	87
10457985013	city-states	a city and the land it controlled; several hundred square miles	88
10457985014	king and kingdom	Sumerian military rulers who ruled over a territory	89
10457985015	Babylonians	Persian invaders that controlled Mesopotamia and built a new capital city called Babylon, thus being known as Babylonians	90
10457985016	empire	the controlling of a large empire that included diverse cultural groups	91
10457985017	Phoenicians	peoples who occupied parts of Lebanon, Isreal and Jordan; most commonly known for their strong ships and vast trade network	92
10457985018	Old Kingdom	a period of stability in Egypt in which kings and queens ruled as theocrats, and wielded considerable authority in public life; all land belonged to the pharaoh and were descended from gods; collapsed due to drought, which led to famine	93
10457985019	Middle Kingdom	a period of Egyptian stability in which Mentuhotep II took power, and reunited Egypt under a central government and diminished the power of provincial governors; placed an emphasis on statues/art of the pharaoh that depicted them as wise; built numerous temples and irrigation projects; ended due to invasions from the Hyksos from Syria	94
10457985020	New Kingdom	a period of Egyptian stability in which after the defeat of the Hyksos, pharoahs used their powerful army to expand into Mesopotamia and Nubia; collapsed due to internal chaos and failed defense against aggressive neighbors	95
10457985021	Hyksos	a group of pastoral nomadic people from Syria that invaded Egypt during the Middle Kingdom and were defeated before the New Kingdom	96
10457985022	Hittities	a group of people who used iron rools and weapons, who eventually took over areas in Egypt after the fall of Ramses	97
10457985023	Kush	ancient kingdom south of Egypt that were mostly dependent on Egypt, controlled Egypt shortly before overthrown by the Assyrians	98
10457985024	Axum	civilization in present Ethiopia that had an agricultural and trading based economy, had many people converted to Christianity and some to Islam	99
10457985025	Dravidians	indigenous people of the Indian subcontinent	100
10457985026	Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro	two centers in the Indus River Valley; had advanced labor systems, a social heriarchy, and sewage systems	101
10457985027	Chavin civilization	the civilization that existed in modern Peru centered at Chavin de Huantar; traded, lived in valleys, used llamas for transportation, developed irrigation systems, potter; dissolved into regional groups because had weak political structure	102
10457985028	Olmec	the civilization that flourished in the east and central Mexico, agricultural, traded with countries many miles away, carved human head statues and constructed massive pyramids, developed a calendar and a number system, used glyphs	103
10457985029	Easter Island	a place in Oceania where settlers were divided into clans that had a chief and one head chief as a ruler of all clans	104
10457985030	aboriginals	hunter-foragers in Australia that were not fazed by the new agricultural ways of the Austronesian people; kept their nomadic ways	105
10457985031	Hammurabi	a Babylonian king who had established control over all of Mesopotamia; also created a law called the Code of Hammurabi (eye for an eye punishment)	106
10457985032	King Menes	Egyptian king who unified Upper and Lower Egypt before the formation of the old, middle, and new kingdoms	107
10457985033	pharaoh	the king or queen that led the Egyptian government	108
10457985034	Akhenaton	a pharaoh of the New Kingdom who tried to make Egypt a monotheistic region that followed the sun god Aten; ultimately failed	109
10457985035	Ramses the Great	a powerful pharaoh of the New Kingdom that expanded the Egyptian empire into Southwest Asia	110
10457985036	Xia Dynasty	the first Chinese dynasty; had no writing system so little is known	111
10457985037	Shang Dynasty	the second Chinese dynasty; Shang rulers conquered neighboring peoples and established a larger empire	112
10457985038	Mandate of Heaven	the ancient Chinese idea that a just ruler's power was bestowed by the gods; were referred to as sons of heaven; invasions or natural disasters were signs that a ruler no longer had a Mandate of Heaven	113
10457985039	Zhou Dynasty	the third Chinese dynasty; the longest dynasty of all time; had a Golden Age; expanded into a larger territory and centralized power	114