Chapter 7 and 8 - AP World History Flashcards
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| 11408520095 | What are some of the economic effects of trade? | - commerce altered consumption and daily life - encouraged working people to produce a specific product in distant markets instead of only in their communities | 0 | |
| 11408520096 | What are some of the social effects of trade? | - merchants were disliked because of their wealth without producing any goods themselves - some were able to move up in society through trade - elite groups were able to gain fancy goods through long distance trade (silk, jade, feathers) | 1 | |
| 11408520097 | What are some of the political effects of trade? | - taxing and controlling trade motivated the creation of states - some had trade in private hands, while some had trade controlled by the state | 2 | |
| 11408520098 | What are some of the things transported through trade? | - religion - technology - disease - plants and animals | 3 | |
| 11408520099 | What was the Silk Road? | - the world's most extensive networks of exchange - land based trade routes that linked pastoral and agricultural people | 4 | |
| 11408520100 | What is the environment like of outer Eurasia? | - relatively warm, well watered areas - great agriculture - consisted of China, India, the middle east, and the Mediterranean | 5 | |
| 11408520101 | What is the environment of inner Eurasia like? | - harsher and drier climate - not great agriculture - consisted of Russia and Central Asia | 6 | |
| 11408520102 | What were the steppes? | - products of the forest and semi-arid northern grasslands - such as hides, furs, livestock, wools, and amber | 7 | |
| 11408520103 | When did trade most florish? | - when large and powerful states provided security for merchants | 8 | |
| 11408520104 | What advanced transportation? | - yokes, stirrups, and saddles | 9 | |
| 11408520105 | How were women linked with silk? | - helped with both supply and demand - Chinese women did all silk protection | 10 | |
| 11408520106 | Where did the knowledge of silk spread to? | - Korea, Japan, India, and Persia | 11 | |
| 11408520107 | How did Buddhism spread across the Silk Road? | - appealed to merchants in Indiana - brought this to the trade routes - took hold in the oasis cities of Central Asia - later introduced to China | 12 | |
| 11408520108 | Who were the Sogdians? | - Central Asian people who's merchants established an exchange with China - translating Sanskrit Buddhist text to Chinese | 13 | |
| 11408520109 | How did Buddhism change as it spread across the Silk Road? | - original = shunned the material world; Silk Road = involved in secular affairs - begging bowls of the monks became a symbol rather than a daily life | 14 | |
| 11408520110 | Which form of Buddhism most flourished on the Silk Road? | - Mahayana (Buddha is a god, bodhisattvas) - gods from other religions along the silk road were incorporated into Buddhism | 15 | |
| 11408520111 | What were some diseases that came from the Silk Road? | - smallpox, measles, bubonic plague | 16 | |
| 11408520112 | What happened in the capital city of the Byzantine Empire, Constantinople? | - lost thousands of people per day for 40 days in 534CE | 17 | |
| 11408520113 | What was the Black Death? | - huge disease that spread from China to Europe - half of Europe's population perished | 18 | |
| 11408520114 | What were the advantages of disease for Europeans? | - when interacting with the Western Hemisphere, thy had some immunity because of exposure | 19 | |
| 11408520115 | What was the world's largest sea-based trade system before 1500? | - The Indian Ocean, stretching from China to Africa | 20 | |
| 11408520116 | Why were transportation costs lower on the Sea Roads than the Silk rRads? | - ships could accommodate larger and heavier cargoes than camels | 21 | |
| 11408520117 | What made Indian Ocean commerce possible? | - monsoon (alternating wind currents that blew different directions during different seasons) | 22 | |
| 11408520118 | What technology innovations facilitated Indian Ocean trade? | - sail improvements, new ships called junks (stability), new location calculations, and invention of the compass | 23 | |
| 11408520119 | Who was Strabo? | - a Greek geographer who reported that ships were sent from the Roman empire to India, then to Egypt then to other places | 24 | |
| 11408520120 | What was one transformation in Indian Ocean commerce? | - rise of Islam (7th century CE) - spread across Afro-Eurasian world - Islam was friendly to commercial and trading life | 25 | |
| 11408520121 | What was the case of Srivijaya? | - illustrates the connections between commerce and state building - a Malay kingdom that dominated the coast of Sumatra's Indian Ocean trade - had a plentiful supply of gold and spices | 26 | |
| 11408520122 | How did Indian culture spread through commercial connections of South East Asia? | - alphabets where used to write in South East Asian languages - Indian art forms provided models for South East Asian sculpture | 27 | |
| 11408647890 | How did Indian politics spread through South East Asia? | - leaders were god-kings of reincarnation of the Buddha/Hindu deity - idea of karma - major centers of Buddhist teachings | 28 | |
| 11408647891 | What were some of the places that Indian culture type hold in South East Asia? | - Srivijaya, Sailendra | 29 | |
| 11408647892 | What was Borobudur? | - from Sailendra - an enormous mountain shaped structure with 10 levels, a 3 mile walk way, and elaborate carving illustrations - largest buddhist monument | 30 | |
| 11408647893 | What was Angkor Wat? | - large religious structure built for Hindu gods - stunning architecture | 31 | |
| 11408810249 | What was Swahili? | - an East African civilization that took shape as a set of commercial city-states stretching along the coast | 32 | |
| 11409221476 | What were the early ancestors of Swahili like? | - lived in small farming and fishing communities - spoke Bantu languages - traded on the coast | 33 | |
| 11409249569 | What were some goods that found a ready market in Arabia, Persia, and India that were from East Africa's coast? | - gold, ivory, quartz, leopard skins, and some slaves - iron and timber - allowed for a new civilization in the making | 34 | |
| 11409324939 | How did Swahili flourish? | - urban, centered in large cities - each Swahili city was politically independent with its own king - states were competitive, but traded | 35 | |
| 11409346651 | What was Swahili's religion like? | - became Islamic after introduced by Arab traders | 36 | |
| 11417228009 | Who was Ibn Battuta? | - a widely traveled Arab scholar, merchant, and public official - visited the Swahili coast and found Muslim socities that welcomed him | 37 | |
| 11417234493 | What was Great Zimbabwe? | - a powerful state which was connected to the growing trade in gold - constructed huge stone structures without mortar | 38 | |
| 11417240255 | What were some of the goods North Africa generated? | - cloth, glassware, weapons, books, etc. | 39 | |
| 11417243003 | What did the Sahara desert hold? | - copper, salt, and dates | 40 | |
| 11417246474 | What were the two ecological zones of sub-Saharan Africa? | - the savanna grasslands, south of the Sahara; produced grain crops - the forest areas, even farther south; produced root and tree crops - incentive for trading | 41 | |
| 11417255573 | Who were the Sudan? | - agricultural people who had the earliest long-distance trade around 1000 BCE - used boats and donkeys | 42 | |
| 11417266252 | What was Jenne-jeno? | - an independent urban cluster which was located on the Niger River | 43 | |
| 11417272122 | Where was gold in West Africa found? | - border areas of the grasslands and forests - transported by donkey and camel | 44 | |
| 11424029086 | What did the people of central Sudan do? | - constructed a series of states and empires along the coast - included Ghana, and Songhay | 45 | |
| 11424063242 | What was slavery like in West Africa? | - male slaves were put to work as state officials, craftsmen, miners, and agricultural laborers - came from non-Islamic societies | 46 | |
| 11424149423 | What are some things that didn't expand out of America until much later? | - llamas and potatoes from the Andes - writing system from the Mayans | 47 | |
| 11424195858 | What geographical differences added more obstacles to America's interactions? | - narrow bottleneck of Panama held back contact between North and South America - agriculture was slowed by climate zones | 48 | |
| 11424252839 | What were the most active and dense networks of communication in the Americas? | - in the regions that housed Mesoamerica and the Andes - the Mayan cities and the Mexican city, Teotihuacan - through both land and sea trade | 49 | |
| 11424304044 | What were used to ensure the upholding of the positions and privileges of royal families? | - cotton clothing, precious jewels, an fancy bird feathers | 50 | |
| 11424314238 | What were Pochteca? | - professional merchants that undertook large-scale trading expeditions withi and outside the Aztec Empire - most were private traders | 51 | |
| 11425701875 | How was the Andean Inca Empire's trade system different from the Aztec's? | - was a state run operation - no group like pochteca | 52 | |
| 11425724241 | How did the Andean Inca Empire keep their goods? | - great storehouses - recorded on quipus (knotted cords used to record numerical data) - transported as needed | 53 | |
| 11425750795 | What did the collapse of the Han dynasty in 220 CE lead to? | - signaled the rise of powerful aristocratic families - invasion of northern nomads who acted Chinese - Confucianism became less popular, while Daoism and Buddhism became more - Chinese migration south | 54 | |
| 11425796592 | What happened when all of these Chinese people migrated south? | - set in motion a vast environmental transformation - foresets were destroyed and elephants retreated | 55 | |
| 11425812793 | Who was Liu Zongyaun? | - a Chinese official and writer that wrote about the migrating people | 56 | |
| 11425849716 | What did the Sui's empereors do? | - solidified China's unity by expanding the country's canal system | 57 | |
| 11425937966 | Why was the Sui overthrown in 618 CE? | - military campaign to conquer Korea failed and they lost their resources | 58 | |
| 11425949500 | Which dynasties followed the collapse of the Han? | - Tang and Song - together established patterns of Chinese life that lasted on | 59 | |
| 11425962383 | What was the era of the Tang and Song dynasties called? | - the Golden Age of arts and literature - Neo-Confucianism came about during this time | 60 | |
| 11425975771 | What was the Censorate? | - an agency that excercised surveillance over the rest of the government - prevented cheating on civil service exams | 61 | |
| 11425992175 | How did China's population change during the Tang dynasty? | - from 55 million to 120 million - because of the adoption of a fast-riipening strain of rice from Vietnam | 62 | |
| 11426008181 | What supplied these densely populated cities with food? | - a huge network of internal waterways | 63 | |
| 11426017618 | How did industrial production increase? | - large-scale enterprises employed hundreds of workers - iron industry's output increased - energy for homes and cooking was fueled by coal | 64 | |
| 11426034691 | What did the use of coal in China cause? | - air pollution | 65 | |
| 11426041776 | What types of technology flourished? | - printing books - navigation and shipbuilding - gunpowder | 66 | |
| 11426049760 | Why did China have the world's leading economy? | - cheap transportation - taxes were paid in cash - paper money and financial instruments | 67 | |
| 11426066195 | How did the Golden Age of the Song affect women? | - reviving Confucianism and economic growth caused patriarchy to be stricter - restored Han idea of women and submission - when men took over textiles, women were able to do more | 68 | |
| 11426079344 | Who was Sima Guang? | - Song dynasty historian and scholar who wrote about men vs. women | 69 | |
| 11426089295 | What was foot binding? | - something Chinese women did to show female beauty and delicacy - tightly wrapping and damaging feet | 70 | |
| 11426126955 | Why were nomads (like from the steppes) drawn to China? | - needed grain and other agriculural products - nomadic leaders wanted their luxury goods | 71 | |
| 11426141413 | Why did the Chinese need the nomads? | - lands were the sources of horses (for military), skins, furs, hides, and amber | 72 | |
| 11426163782 | What was the tribute system? | - a practical system for managing China's relationship with barbarians and nomads - a set of practices that required outside authorities to acknowledge Chinese superiority - Korea, Vietnam, and Japan participated | 73 | |
| 11426179191 | What was the kowtow? | - a series of ritual bowings required in the tribute system | 74 | |
| 11426200501 | What happened when China was confronting large and powerful nomadic empires? | - ex: Xiongnu during the Han - negotiated a deal to recognize eachother as equal | 75 | |
| 11426217267 | What happened when nomadic peoples actually ruled parts of China? | - some adopted Chinese ways - created a Chinese side and a nomad side of China | 76 | |
| 11426246403 | What was the Silla kingdom? | - a Korean state in the 7th century CE - allied with the Tang to bring political unity to Korea | 77 | |
| 11426265273 | What did tribute missions to China provide for Korea? | - a capital, Kumsong, modeled after Chang'an - enabled trade of luxury goods - Korea began to have more Chinese based culture | 78 | |
| 11426280756 | How did Korea stay seperated from China? | - culture had little impact (except Buddhism) - no exam system - developed own alphabet called hangul | 79 | |
| 11426302190 | How were Korea's and Vietnam's interactions with China similar? | - both borrowed heavily from Chins - both achieved political independence while participatong in China's tribute system | 80 | |
| 11426320383 | How did Vietnam stay seperated from China? | - had their own language had a greater role for women in their society | 81 | |
| 11426334224 | What was chu nom (southern script)? | - a variation of Chinese writing that was Vietnamese | 82 | |
| 11426348594 | How was China's introduction into Japan different from its introduction into Korea and Vietnam? | - Japan was physically sepearted from China by ocean - volunatry interaction rather than under conditions of military threat | 83 | |
| 11426362106 | Who was Shotoku Taishi? | - the initial leader of the effort to transfrom Japan into a centralized state - a prominant aristocrat whp launched a series of large-scale missions to China | 84 | |
| 11426382247 | What was the Seventeen Article Constitution? | - a script that Shotoku issued - proclaimed the Japasnese ruler as a Chinese style emperor and encourage Buddhism and Daoism | 85 | |
| 11426400786 | What was bushido? | - a Japanese value of death over surrender | 86 | |
| 11426404612 | What was the Tale of Genji? | - a Japanese novel written by the woman author, Murasaki Shikibu - provides an intimate picture of the romances of court life - example of literature | 87 | |
| 11426430505 | Who was Izumi Shikibu? | - a Japanese poet during the Heian period | 88 | |
| 11426441240 | What were some examples of technological innovatipond from China to Eurasia? | - salt production methods - paper making - printing - gunpowder | 89 | |
| 11426454089 | What were some mass-produced Chinese products made for export? | - silk, porclein, lacquerware, spices | 90 | |
| 11426464610 | What were some things China borrowed from elsewhere? | - cultivation and processing of cotton and sugar from India - fast-ripening strains of rice from Vietnam - windmills from Persia - printing from Buddhism/India | 91 | |
| 11426485211 | How was Buddhism changed in China? | - terms were used differently - more patriarchy - developed the idea of Pure Land Buddhism (repeating a name to ensure rebirth) | 92 |