AP World History Period 2 (Chapter 3) Flashcards

10574100309	Herodotus	Greek Historian, considered the father of History. He came from a Greek community in Anatolia and traveled extensively, collecting information in western Asia and the Mediterranean lands.	0
10574102475	The Histories	Created by Herodotus, serves as a record of the ancient traditions, politics, geography, and clashes of various cultures	1
10574115535	Homer	A Greek poet, author of the Iliad and the Odyssey	2
10574116832	Iliad	Homer's epic poem of the story of the Trojan War	3
10574118100	The Odyssey	writen by Homer, sequel to the Iliad.	4
10574143684	Plato	(430-347 BCE) Was a disciple of Socrates whose cornerstone of thought was his theory of Forms, in which there was another world of perfection. He founded an academy in Athens.	5
10574150205	The Republic	The ideal government thought of by Plato that was composed of workers, warriors, and "philosopher kings". Kings who wouls be smart an drational enough to make decisions for the good of the whole state.	6
10574195273	Aristotle	Greek philosopher. A pupil of Plato, the tutor of Alexander the Great, and the author of works on logic, metaphysics, ethics, natural sciences, politics, and poetics, he profoundly influenced Western thought. In his philosophical system, which led him to criticize what he saw as Plato's metaphysical excesses, theory follows empirical observation and logic, based on the syllogism, is the essential method of rational inquiry.	7
10574197092	Poetics	The first definitions of tragedy and comedy in the theater, as well as definitions of epic and lyric poetry. Created by Aristotle	8
10574224287	Avestas	is the religious book of Zoroastrians that contains a collection of sacred texts.	9
10574226632	Aristophanes	an ancient Greek dramatist remembered for his comedies (448-380 BC)	10
10574228246	Aeschylus	father of greek tragedy	11
10574230114	The Trojan Woman	A tragedy by the Greek playwright Euripides	12
10574232750	Euripides	A playwright who wrote about 90 tragedies and included strong female characters and smart slaves	13
10574236802	Sophocles	Greek writer of tragedies; author of Oedipus Rex	14
10574238338	Parthenon	A large temple dedicated to the goddess Athena on the Acropolis in Athens, Greece. It was built in the 5th century BCE, during the Athenian golden age.	15
10574242084	Persepolis	A complex of palaces, reception halls, and treasury buildings erected by the Persian kings Darius I and Xerxes in the Persian homeland and was destroyed by Alexander the Great.	16
10574247236	Knossos Palace	a palace complex that has indoor plumbing; located on Crete	17
10574252510	Socrates	Athenian philosopher (ca. 470-399 B.C.E.) who shifted the emphasis of philosophical investigation from questions of natural science to ethics and human behavior.	18
10574254155	Socratic Method	philosophical method of questioning to gain truth	19
10574256472	Academy	school of philosophy founded by Plato	20
10574257681	Golden Mean	Aristotle's term for describing ethical behavior as a midpoint between extremes	21
10574257682	Logic	the process of reasoning	22
10574262478	Empiricism	the view that knowledge originates in experience and that science should, therefore, rely on observation and experimentation	23
10574264969	Syncretism	A blending of two or more religious traditions	24
10574266970	Zoroastrianism	One of the first monotheistic religions, particularly one with a wide following. It was central to the political and religious culture of ancient Persia.	25
10574276021	Zarathustra	A Persian prophet, traditionally dated to the sixth or seventh century B.C.E. (but perhaps much older), who founded Zoroastrianism.	26
10574278759	Qanat	an underground canal first built by the ancient Persians	27
10574285039	Cyrus the Great	king of Persia and founder of the Persian empire (circa 600-529 BC)	28
10574286778	Delian League	an alliance headed by Athens that says that all Greek city-states will come together and help fight the Persians	29
10574289601	Cambyses	A Persian king, named after his father Cyrus, expanded the Persian empire by conquering Egypt.	30
10574291119	Darius I	Third ruler of the Persian Empire (r. 521-486 B.C.E.). He crushed the widespread initial resistance to his rule and gave all major government posts to Persians rather than to Medes.	31
10574299278	Xerxes	son of Darius; became Persian king. He vowed revenge on the Athenians. He invaded Greece with 180,000 troops in 480 B.C. Build the Gate of Xerxes	32
10574302593	Peloponnesian League	League created and led by Sparta that consisted of Spartan and their allies with intentions of fighting Athens	33
10574308295	Philip II	Macedonian king who sought to unite Greece under his banner until his death or murder. He was succeeded by his son Alexander.	34
10574310366	Alexander the Great	Between 334 and 323 B.C.E. he conquered the Persian Empire, reached the Indus Valley, founded many Greek-style cities, and spread Greek culture across the Middle East.	35
10574312007	Solon	Athenian reformer of the 6th century; established laws that eased the burden of debt on farmers, forbade enslavement for debt, created the Council of Four Hundred	36
10574318900	Pericles	Aristocratic leader who guided the Athenian state through the transformation to full participatory democracy for all male citizens.	37
10574322040	Ptolemies	The Macedonian dynasty, descended from one of Alexander the Great's officers, that ruled Egypt for three centuries (323-30 B.C.E.). From their magnificent capital at Alexandria on the Mediterranean coast, the Ptolemies largely took over the system created by Egyptian pharaohs to extract the wealth of the land, rewarding Greeks and Hellenized non-Greeks serving in the military and administration.	38
10574326421	Poleis (polis)	Greek city-states	39
10574329423	Monarchies	systems of government in which unelected kings or queens rule	40
10574333086	Aristocracy	A government in which power is in the hands of a hereditary ruling class or nobility	41
10574338461	Oligarchy	A government ruled by a few powerful people	42
10574340488	Tyrants	in ancient Greece, rulers who seized power by force but who ruled with the people's support; later came to refer to rulers who exercise brutal and oppressive power	43
10574342373	Democracy	A political system in which the supreme power lies in a body of citizens who can elect people to represent them	44
10574344231	Direct Democracy	A form of government in which citizens rule directly and not through representatives	45
10574346071	Representative Democracy	A system of government in which citizens elect representatives, or leaders, to make decisions about the laws for all the people.	46
10574347546	Crete	the largest Greek island in the Mediterranean, southeast of Greece	47
10574351161	Knossos	an ancient Minoan city on the island of Crete	48
10574353581	Minoan Civilization	An advanced civilization that developed on the island of Crete around 2500 B.C.E.	49
10574363162	Mycenae	Sea-faring Greek kingdom. A major center of Greek Civilization in the 1000s BCE, centuries before Greek's "Golden Age" of Athenian influence. It's center was located about 90 km southwest of Athens.	50
10574365904	Syracuse	the Athenian siege of _______ (415-413 BC) was eventually won by _________	51
10574371992	Agrigentum	a large colony on Sicily	52
10574376149	The Persian Wars (500-479 B.C.E.)	A series of wars between the Greeks (mainly Athens) and the Persians in which the Greeks were usually victorious.	53
10574381950	Marathon	a battle in 490 BC in which the Athenians and their allies defeated the Persians	54
10574384913	Battle of Thermopylae	(480 B.C.E.) Battle in which Spartan king Leonidas and his army of 300 Spartans and other Greeks refused to surrender to the numerically superior Persian army at the pass of Thermopylae; they were annihilated to the man but allowed the other Greek forces to prepare for the Persian invasion.	55
10574387834	Battle of Salamis	480 B.C.E. The battle that effectively ended the Persian war. The Greek fleet, although vastly outnumbered, defeated the Persian fleet. This helped end the Persian war, freeing Greece.	56
10574391889	Persians	tolerant; bureaucracy; Cyrus the Great and Darius were the most famous rulers; Royal Road was their trade route and united empire; Zoroastrianism	57
10574396493	Achaemenid Empire	The name of an ancient Persian Empire (c. 550-330 BCE) which was composed of many smaller kingdoms. The realm was divided into twenty-three satrapies whose administration and taxation was managed by subordinate local rulers.	58
10574400868	Seleucids	Persian empire (323-83 B.C.E.) founded by Seleucus after the death of Alexander the Great. Rulers of the eastern part of Alexander's empire. Their territory included Palestine.	59
10574412974	Parthians (247 BCE-224 CE)	kept Satraps, taxes and administration, steppe traditions, raised large horses and skilled horsemen, resisted seleucids, then defeated them	60
10574418266	Sassanids	The last pre-Islamic Persian empire	61
10574421979	Athens	A democratic Greek polis who accomplished many cultural achievements, and who were constantly at war with Sparta.	62
10574423614	Sparta	A powerful Greek miliary polis that was often at war with Athens. Used slaves known as helots to provide agricultural labor.	63
10574426814	Alexandria	City in Egypt founded by Alexander the Great, center of commerce and Hellenistic civilization	64
10574429634	Hellenistic Period	that culture associated with the spread of Greek influence as a result of Macedonian conquests; often seen as the combination of Greek culture with eastern political forms 323-31 BCE	65
10574437375	hoplites	heavily armed Greek infantrymen who marched and fought in close ranks; most of the recruits were middle-class citizens	66
10574439171	archons	9 men who were elected yearly in Athens to uphold the laws	67
10574440550	helots	enslaved people in ancient Sparta, farmed for the Spartans	68
10574447752	satraps	a provincial governor in the ancient Persian empire.	69
10574451361	aristocrats	a rich landowner or noble	70
10574451362	merchant	a person who buys and sells goods	71
10574455369	Spartan women	These women owned land, ran their households, received physical training and did not spend time spinning cloth or weaving	72
10574461633	caravanserai	an inn in some Eastern countries with a large courtyard that provides accommodation for caravans, incorperated by the Persians	73
10574465428	common currency	A form of money that was accepted across the Persian Empire; made trade simpler	74
10574467778	Royal Road	A road in the Persian Empire, stretching over 1,600 miles from Susa in Persia to Sardis in Anatolia.	75