AP World History Notes Flashcards

7020003299	Paleolithic	Old Stone Age, about 2 million years; use of stone and hunting and gathering	0
7020325822	homo sapiens sapiens	the human species that was most successful during the Paleolithic period	1
7020328860	Where did humans first develop?	Africa	2
7020330732	Mesolithic	middle stone age; human ability rapidly improved, as well as population growth; Ice Age just ended	3
7020333271	Neolithic	New Stone Age; period of agricultural development; plants and animals domesticated; agriculture developed while hunting declined	4
7020336785	Neolithic Revolution	converted many people into using forms of agriculture instead of hunting and gathering	5
7020338833	Bronze Age	bronze tools were used to replace stone tools and materials; toolmakers were specialized- more people could work on crafting	6
7020341860	nomads	people who moved from place to place in search of food, shelter, and peaceful living	7
7020347477	Religion of nomads	animals were used as sacrifices	8
7020358232	Why were nomads feared?	More time to train for battle, so they became famous for invasions; size of herd calculated who became the leader of the tribe	9
7020365907	Indus River	river sources as Himalayas to mouth in Arabian sea; location of Harappan civilization	10
7020367503	Harappa	along with Mohenjo Daro, major urban complex of the Harappan civilization; laid out on planned grid pattern -extensive trade with Mesopotamia -elaborate facilities(running water, buildings, baths) -distinctive art and alphabet -trade using stones -priests were highly regarded -prone to attack	11
7020375529	Why did Harappa decline?	decline resulted from large amounts of flooding, migrations from other groups, and invasions	12
7020385566	Vedic and Epic Ages	time of transition from Harappan civilization; cultural developments such as poems were insightful to the period	13
7020387305	Aryans	Indo-European nomadic pastoralists who replaced Harappan civilization; militarized society; originally from Central Asia -developed agriculture in India and used iron tools -traditions became part of Indian society	14
7020391518	Vedas	Aryan hymns originally transmitted orally but written down in sacred books from the 6th century BCE; comes from the Sanskrit word meaning "knowledge"	15
7020393573	Mahabharata	Indian epic of war, princely honor, love, and social duty; written down in the last centuries BCE; previously handed down in oral form	16
7020395767	Ramayana	one of the greatest epic tales from the classical India; traces adventures of King Rama and his wife, Sita, written 4th to 2nd centuries BCE	17
7020397997	Upanishads	later books of the Vedas; contained sophisticated and sublime philosophical ideas; utilized by the Brahmans to restore religious authority	18
7020400874	Civilization	societies distinguished by reliance on sedentary agriculture, ability to produce food surpluses, and existence of non- farming elites, as well as merchant and manufacturing groups -form of human organization -first developed in Mesopotamia	19
7020405663	4 distinctive features of civilization	-greater amounts of food surpluses -developed formal governments -writing- enhanced communication -cities began to form	20
7020407909	Mesopotamia	between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers	21
7020408912	Sumerians	people who migrated into Mesopotamia; the people who created the first civilization within a region; first people to organize an area into city- states	22
7020410917	polytheists	believed in more than one god	23
7020412061	cuneiform	the first known form of human writing developed by the Sumerians; clay tablets and stylus; pictures represent objects and sounds	24
7020414208	Developments in Mesopotamia	-astronomy, advanced knowledge of math, provided a calendar -art improved with statues and painting	25
7020417221	ziggurats	massive towers usually associated with Mesopotamian temple complexes; first form of large architecture	26
7020421277	city-states	ruled by a king who claimed divine authority -kings became military leaders -kings, noble class, and the priesthood owned land which was worked by slaves	27
7020438000	patriarchal society	women began to have less rights; less laws protected women and more protected men	28
7020441332	Who took over the Sumerians, and who took over them?	Sumerians were taken over by the Akkadians, and the Akkadians were taken over by the Babylonians	29
7020442618	Babylonians	unified all of Mesopotamia; empire collapsed due to foreign invasion 200 years after it was taken over -spread the idea of civilization to the Middle East	30
7020445926	King Hammurabi	the most important ruler of the Babylonian empire; responsible for the codification of law	31
7020447145	codification of law	promoted the welfare of the people; established courts and one of the first justice systems; punishments were harsh (eye for eye)	32
7020451179	Who took over the Babylonians?	Babylonians were taken over by the Assyrians and the Persians, who created new empires in the Middle East	33
7020452651	Pharoh	title of a king of ancient Egypt -seen as godlike	34
7020453788	pyramids	monumental architecture used as burial sites for pharohs -sign of royal power	35
7020457356	Kush	an African state that developed along the upper reaches of the Nile; conquered Egypt and ruled it for several centuries	36
7020464324	Central America in 7000-5000 BCE	-cultivation of maize, beans, squash, and peppers -potato in the Andes mountains	37
7020467671	The Olmecs	-1500 BCE -coastal area on the Gulf of Mexico -irrigation system, cities, writing system -complex religion	38
7020471527	When did the Olmecs decline?	800 BCE	39
7020473951	Chavin and the Andean World	1800-1200 BCE -near the Andes mountains -irrigation system, pottery making, jewelry, textiles, ceramics	40
7020477178	When did the Andean civilization decline?	300 BCE	41
7020478897	River Valley Civilization Achievements	-wheel -taming of horses -well-organized monarchies -legal codes -writing systems -calendars	42
7020481753	Phoenicians	1300 BCE; simplified the alphabet and improved Egyptian numbering system -Emerged in the middle east, but they would travel by boat and set up colonies throughout the Mediterranean	43
7020485964	Judaism	1200 BCE; monotheistic; ethical behavior -believed they were the chosen people, because religion was a way of life	44
7020490776	Code of Ur-Nammu	Sumerian law code; oldest known law code surviving today	45
7020495104	Achievements	-art was cheerful -hieroglyphics -24 hour day -pyramids -agricultural surplus	46
7020499063	Huanghe Civilizations	irrigation well regulated for floor prone rivers: Yangzi and Huanghe	47
7020501780	Advanced technology of the Huanghe civilization	-ride horses -pottery -bronze, iron, and coal -ideographic symbols -astronomy -delicate designs in art	48
7020505351	Zhou Dynasty	1029-700 BCE -alliances with land owning families (feudal period) -move to Yangzi river basin for population growth and trade -military skills, rituals, and traditions were lost	49
7020509048	Mandate and Heaven	divine support for their rule	50
7020510049	Post Zhou China	-political fragmentation occurs -landlords begin to disregard the government -Qin dynasty emerges as leading power over China	51
7020513182	Family Solidarity in Ancient China	-family needs go above the individual -death does not weaken familial bonds (Ancestor worship) -Confucianism (respect for parents, older relatives)	52
7020518009	feudal period	decentralized system of government; several rulers all from different families; used in the Zhou dynasty	53
7020542973	Dao	a way for people to relate to the idea that opposites balance; yin and yang, hot and cold	54
7020544993	Shi Huangdi	founder of the brief Qin dynasty -Legalist ruler (brutal but effective) -initiated the building of the Great Wall	55
7020547565	Qin dynasty	dynasty established at the end of the Warring States period following the decline of the Zhou dynasty -national cencus -standardized coinage -uniform writing - furthered agriculture, irrigation projects, and silk manufacturing	56
7020549991	Han dynasty	Chinese dynasty that succeeded the Qin; ruled for 400 years - built the most effective bureaucracy in the world	57
7020560070	Sons of Heaven	the emperors that provided the mandate of heaven for the Chinese people	58
7020570082	decline of the Qin	-Shi Huangde= unpopular -built massive tomb with hundreds of clay warriors -massive uprising after his death	59
7020573678	Confucious	major Chinese philosopher born in the 6th century BCE; author of Analects; philosophy based on needs for restoration of order through advice of superior men to be found among the shi -order without speculation -not a religious leader -emphasize traditions -respect social superiors	60
7020580952	Emperor Wudi	famous Han ruler	61
7020583359	What was the literature, art, and science like for Confucius?	-civil service exams -learn and write poetry -calligraphy, painting, bronze, pottery, jade, ivory, and silk screens	62
7020585812	What was the difference between the Qin and Han?	Qin focused on centralized government while Han focused on decentralized government	63
7020592785	Legalism	-disdained Confucian virtues in favor of authority -human nature was evil and required restraint -Qin and Han periods	64
7020595364	Daoism	-traditional beliefs like harmony with nature -Laozi (must withdraw from the world to explore nature) -Confucian scholars disagreed with Daoism -government incorporated loyalty	65
7020601604	the Confucian social system	-landowning aristocracy and bureaucrats (Shi=scholar- gentry) -laborers = peasants and artisans -not in favor of moneymaking (more for political service) -mean people= unskilled, performers, slaves	66
7020605888	Xi'An	Han Capital	67
7020607975	Why is there little trade in the Han and Zhou dynasties?	little respect for trade and merchants	68
7020609548	primogeniture	the right of succession belonging to the firstborn child, especially the feudal rule by which the whole estate passed down to the eldest son	69
7020610827	Ethnocentrism	isolation -surrounding peoples were inferior -no missionaries -Buddhism is an exception	70
7020615724	Confucianism vs. Daoism	-antagonism: attacks on politics in the name of Daoism -combination of Confucianism and Chinese penal system (strict policing)	71
7020630372	Brahmans	Vedic priests; became the leaders of the society	72
7020631155	Buddha	creator of a major Indian and Asia religion; born in the 6th Century BCE as son of a local ruler among Aryan tribes located near the Himalayas; believed in strong self discipline; loved the bo tree; taught that happiness could only be achieved by leaving all material items	73
7020635819	The Gupta	committed to reasserting Brahman's dominance -believed in Hinduism -achievements in architecture, painting, sculpting, philosophy, literature, and the sciences	74
7020641176	Alexander the Great	successor of Philip II; successfully conquered the Persian Empire prior to his death; attempted to combine Greek and Persian cultures	75
7020643304	Himalayas	mountain region marking the northern border of the Indian subcontinent; Aryan settlements that formed small kingdoms on warrior republics	76
7020645191	Monsoons	seasonal winds crossing the Indian subcontinent and southeast Asia; during summer bring rains	77
7020647630	Sanskrit	the sacred and classical Indian language	78
7020648505	Varnas	clusters of caste groups in Aryan society; four social castes: brahmans, warriors, merchants, and peasants; beneath four Aryan castes was a group of socially untouchable Dasas	79
7020652566	Untouchables	low social caste in Hindu culture; performed tasks that were considered polluting; street sweeping, removal of human waste, and tanning -marriage between castes was forbidden	80
7020655241	Jati	groups inside the castes giving each group a specific job	81
7020675080	Indra	chief deity of the Aryans; depicted as colossal, hard- drinking warrior	82
7020679675	Chandragupta Maurya	founder of Maurya dynasty; established the first empire in the Indian subcontinent; first centralized government since Harappan civilization; autocratic ruler -322 BCE	83
7020687880	Mauryan	dynasty established in the Indian subcontinent in 4th century BCE following invasions of Alexander the Great -first rulers to unify the subcontinent -large armies -somewhat bureaucracy, mostly autocratic	84
7020698491	Ashoka	grandson of Chandragupta Maurya; completed conquests of the Indian subcontinent; converted to Buddhism and sponsored the spread of new religion throughout his empire; 269-232 BCE -studied nature and was very spiritual -conquests were bloody	85
7020703404	dharma	the caste position and career determined by a person's birth; Hindu culture required that one accept on'e social position and perform that occupation to the best of their ability in order to have a better situation in next life	86
7020706798	Guptas	dynasty that succeeded the Kushans in 3rd century CE; built an empire that extended to all but the southern regions of Indian subcontinent; less centralized than Mauryan empire -320-535 CE	87
7020724804	Aryan Gods and Goddesses	-regulated nature and had human qualities -hymns and sacrifices; epic poems reflect after death -bases for Hindu beliefs; unifying force -Gautama Buddha creates Buddha	88
7020746503	Artha	encourages political and economic goals, and worldly pleasures	89
7020766074	Hinduims	-no single founder -tolerant and accpeting	90
7020767513	Brahmanism	early Hinduism; due to leadership roles -always called their religion as dharma	91
7020771086	Gurus	originally referred to as brahmans who served as teachers for the princes of teh imperiam court of the Guptas	92
7020773253	Brahma	basic holy essence; formed part of everything in the world	93
7020775210	Vishnu	the brahman, later Hindu, god of sacrifice, the preserver; largely worshipped	94
7020776899	Shiva	Hindu, god of destruction and reproduction; worshiped as the personification of cosmic forces	95
7020778532	Reincarnation	the successive attachment of the soul to some animate form according to merits earned in a previous lives	96
7020782862	What must a person to to enter into a good life?	-cremation of the body at death -prayers and obedience to cows -following life patterns assigned to a caste	97
7020785653	Nirvana	the Buddhist state of enlightenment, a state of tranquility	98
7020787986	Buddism	-stress on meditation and self control -against the caste system -preachers were monks	99
7020790998	Kamasutra	offered instructions on all aspects of life for higher caste males, including grooming, hygiene, etiquette, selection of wives, and lovemaking	100
7020795949	Harsha	rulers who followed the Gupta in India; briefly constructed a loose empire in northern India between 616 adn 657 Ce	101
7020798366	Rajput	regional princes in western India; emphasized military control of their regions	102
7020801131	Devi	mother goddess within Hinduism; widely spread following collapse of Guptas; encouraged new emotionalism in religious ritual	103
7020803998	Islam	major world religion having its origins in 610 CE in the Arabian peninsula; meaning literally submission; based on the prophesy of Muhammad	104