AP World History Chapter Sixteen Notecards Flashcards

8302566623	Renaissance (European)	A period of intense artistic and intellectual activity, said to be a "rebirth" of Greco-Roman culture. Usually divided into an Italian Renaissance, from roughly the mid-fourteenth to mid-fifteenth century, and a Northern (transAlpine) Renaissance, from roughly the early fifteenth to early seventeenth century. 16.459	0
8302584300	Papacy	The central administration of the Roman Catholic Church, of which the pope is the head. 16.460	1
8302608930	Indulgence	The forgiveness of the punishment due for past sins, granted by the Catholic Church authorities as a reward for a pious act. Martin Luther's protest against the sale of indulgences is often seen as touching off the Protestant Reformation. 16.460	2
8302611478	Protestant Reformation	Religious reform movement within the Latin Christian Church beginning in 1519. It resulted in the "protesters" forming several new Christian denominations, including the Lutheran and Reformed Churches and the Church of England. 16.461	3
8302614174	Catholic Reformation	Religious reform movement within the Latin Christian Church, begun in response to the Protestant Reformation. It clarified Catholic theology and reformed clerical train- ing and discipline. 16.462	4
8302619402	Witch-Hunt	The pursuit of people suspected of witch- craft, especially in northern Europe in the late sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. 16.463	5
8302621591	Scientific Revolution	The intellectual movement in Europe, initially associated with planetary motion and other aspects of physics, that by the seventeenth century had laid the groundwork for modern science. 16.465	6
8302624390	Enlightenment	A philosophical movement in eighteenth-century Europe that fostered the belief that one could reform society by discovering rational laws that governed social behavior and were just as scientific as the laws of physics. 16.467	7
8302627560	Bourgeoisie	In early modern Europe, the class of well-off town dwellers whose wealth came from manufacturing, finance, commerce, and allied professions. 16.468	8
8302633930	Joint-Stock Company	A business, often backed by a government charter, that sold shares to individuals to raise money for its trading enterprises and to spread the risks (and profits) among many investors. 16.469	9
8302636830	Stock Exchange	A business, often backed by a government charter, that sold shares to individuals to raise money for its trading enterprises and to spread the risks (and profits) among many investors. 16.469	10
8302636831	Gentry	The class of landholding families in England below the aristocracy. 16.470	11
8302639452	Little Ice Age	A century-long period of cool climate that began in the 1590s. Its ill effects on agriculture in northern Europe were notable. 16.471	12
8302642793	Deforestation	The removal of trees faster than forests can replace themselves. 16.472	13
8302645580	Holy Roman Empire	Loose federation of mostly Ger- man states and principalities, headed by an emperor elected by the princes. It lasted from 962 to 1806. 16.473	14
8302645581	Habsburg	A powerful European family that provided many Holy Roman Emperors, founded the Austrian (later Austro-Hungarian) Empire, and ruled sixteenth- and seventeenth-century Spain. 16.475	15
8302648679	English Civil War	(1642-1649) A conflict over royal versus parliamentary rights, caused by King Charles I's arrest of his parliamentary critics and ending with his execution. Its outcome checked the growth of royal absolutism and, with the Glo- rious Revolution of 1688 and the English Bill of Rights of 1689, ensured that England would be a constitutional monarchy. 16.475	16
8302651775	Versailles	The huge palace built for French king Louis XVI south of Paris. The pal- ace symbolized both French power and the triumph of royal authority over the French nobility. 16.476	17
8302651776	Balance of Power	The policy in international relations by which, beginning in the eighteenth century, the major European states acted together to prevent any one of them from becoming too powerful. 16.479	18