AP psychology Flashcards

10753402787	Psychology	the scientific study of behavior and mental processes	0
10753406888	replicate	to repeat, to copy, or to duplicate	1
10753411929	Empiricism	the view that knowledge originates in experience and that science should, therefore, rely on observation and experimentation	2
10753417179	Psuedo-Psychology	is a false or unscientific form of Psychology.	3
10753418177	confirmation bias	a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence	4
10753421690	psychiatry	a branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders; practiced by physicians who sometimes provide medical (for example, drug) treatments as well as psychological therapy	5
10753422840	basic research	pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base	6
10753427265	applied research	scientific study that aims to solve practical problems	7
10753428130	counseling psychology	a branch of psychology that assists people with problems in living (often related to school, work, or marriage) and in achieving greater well-being	8
10753428923	clinical psychologist	a psychologist who diagnoses and treats people with emotional disturbances	9
10753431414	Plato	your reality can be shared by experiences	10
10753438545	Locke	English empiricist philosopher who believed that all knowledge is derived from sensory experience , tabula rasa - blank slate	11
10753441066	Aristotle	Greek philosopher, believed that knowledge = observations & data	12
10753460463	Monism	doctrine that reality is one	13
10753461117	Dualism	the presumption that mind and body are two distinct entities that interact	14
10753464064	Wilhelm Wundt	father of psychology	15
10753466856	Titchner	founder of structuralism	16
10753466867	Structuralism	an early school of psychology that used introspection to explore the elemental structure of the human mind	17
10753468756	Stanely Hall	first APA president	18
10753470913	APA	American Psychology Association	19
10753472085	Functionalism	A school of psychology that focused on how our mental and behavioral processes function - how they enable us to adapt, survive, and flourish.	20
10753474949	Willam James	Functionalism	21
10753478858	Darwin	English natural scientist who formulated a theory of evolution by natural selection	22
10753480983	Mary Whiton Calkins	American psychologist who conducted research on memory, personality, and dreams; first woman president of the American Psychological Association	23
10753483763	Margret Floy Washburn	first woman to receive a psychology Ph.D and the second to become APA president	24
10753484744	Leta Stetter Hollingworth	One of the first psychologists to focus on child development and on women's issues, gave us the term "Gifted"	25
10753488098	Dorethea Dix	Educated the public about the poor conditions for prisoners and the mentally ill, and created the first mental asylum	26
10753494353	biological psychology	a branch of psychology concerned with the links between biology and behavior	27
10753481816	evolutionary psychology	the study of the roots of behavior and mental processes using the principles of natural selection	28
10753498893	Psychoanalysis	Freud's theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts; the techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions	29
10753501932	Behaviorism	the view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree with (1) but not with (2).	30
10753503179	Gestalt Psychology	a psychological approach that emphasizes that we often perceive the whole rather than the sum of the parts	31
10753505098	humanistic psychology	historically significant perspective that emphasized the growth potential of healthy people and the individual's potential for personal growth	32
10753505841	developmental psychology	a branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span	33
10753508101	Cognitive Psychology	the scientific study of all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating	34
10753511773	sociocultural perspective	perspective that focuses on the relationship between social behavior and culture	35
10753512682	Trait View	a psychological perspective that views behavior and personality as the products of enduring psychological characteristics	36
10753521690	Hypothesis	A testable prediction, often implied by a theory	37
10753526991	dependent variable	The outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable.	38
10753528102	independent variable	The experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied.	39
10753529848	operational definition	a statement of the procedures used to define research variables	40
10753532038	random selection	A way of ensuring that a sample of people is representative of a population by giving everyone in the population an equal chance of being selected for the sample	41
10753533610	random sample	method of selecting from a population in which each person has an equal probability of being selected	42
10753535073	random assignment	assigning participants to experimental and control conditions by chance, thus minimizing preexisting differences between those assigned to the different groups	43
10753536984	blind experiment	An experiment in which the subjects do not know whether they are members of the experimental group or the control group.	44
10753538661	double-blind experiment	an experiment in which neither the experimenter nor the participants know which participants received which treatment	45
10753539972	representative sample	randomly selected sample of subjects from a larger population of subjects	46
10753540988	ex post facto	choose subjects based on a pre-existing condition	47
10753546786	correlation study	a descriptive study that looks for a consistent relationship between two phenomena	48
10753549027	illusory correlation	perception of a relationship where none exists, or perception of a stronger relationship than actually exists	49
10753550735	positive correlation	A correlation where as one variable increases, the other also increases, or as one decreases so does the other. Both variables move in the same direction.	50
10753551768	negative correlation	A finding that two factors vary systematically in opposite directions, one increasing as the other decreases.	51
10753553950	survey	a technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of a particular group, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of the group	52
10753556268	naturalistic observation	observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation	53
10753556269	case study	an observation technique in which one person is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles	54
10753558808	longitudinal study	research in which the same people are restudied and retested over a long period	55
10753561821	cross-sectional study	A study in which a representative cross section of the population is tested or surveyed at one specific time.	56
10753563786	experimenter bias	a phenomenon that occurs when a researcher's expectations or preferences about the outcome of a study influence the results obtained	57
10753564744	expectancy bias	The researcher allowing his or her expectations to affect the outcome of a study.	58
10753565846	hindsight bias	the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it	59
10753566682	overconfidence bias	the bias in which people's subjective confidence in their decision making is greater than their objective accuracy	60
10753568236	Barnum effect	People have the tendency to see themselves in vague, stock descriptions of personality	61
10753570095	false consensus effect	the tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share our beliefs and behaviors	62
10753575095	Hawthorne effect	A change in a subject's behavior caused simply by the awareness of being studied	63
10753575872	placebo effect	experimental results caused by expectations alone; any effect on behavior caused by the administration of an inert substance or condition, which the recipient assumes is an active agent.	64
10753577608	order effects	occur when the order in which the participants experience conditions in an experiment affects the results of the study	65
10753580106	descriptive statistics	numerical data used to measure and describe characteristics of groups. Includes measures of central tendency and measures of variation.	66
10753581069	inferential statistics	numerical data that allow one to generalize- to infer from sample data the probability of something being true of a population	67
10753581996	frequency distribution	an arrangement of data that indicates how often a particular score or observation occurs	68
10753583225	Histogram	A graph of vertical bars representing the frequency distribution of a set of data.	69
10753587256	central tendency	mean, median, mode	70
10753588025	mean	average	71
10753588785	Median	the middle score in a distribution; half the scores are above it and half are below it	72
10753588786	Mode	the most frequently occurring score(s) in a distribution	73
10753589365	standard deviation	a computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score	74
10753590185	normal distribution	A function that represents the distribution of variables as a symmetrical bell-shaped graph.	75
10753591110	skewed distribution	a representation of scores that lack symmetry around their average value	76
10753593448	correlation coefficient	a statistical index of the relationship between two things (from -1 to +1)	77
10753594445	Scatterplot	a graphed cluster of dots, each of which represents the values of two variables	78
10753594446	z-score	a measure of how many standard deviations you are away from the norm (average or mean)	79
10753596228	Ethics	the principles of right and wrong that guide an individual in making decisions	80
10753602864	Biology	The study of life	81
10753606701	Biopsychology	The specialty in psychology that studies the interaction of biology, behavior, and mental processes.	82
10753608539	innate abilities	Abilities that are present from birth.	83
10753609672	Phrenology	the detailed study of the shape and size of the cranium as a supposed indication of character and mental abilities.	84
10753617412	natural selection	A natural process resulting in the evolution of organisms best adapted to the environment.	85
10753621963	Genotype	genetic makeup of an organism	86
10753621964	Phenotype	An organism's physical appearance, or visible traits.	87
10753624643	polygenic inheritance	combined effect of two or more genes on a single character	88
10753625672	Heredity	Passing of traits from parents to offspring	89
10753626440	Chromosomes	threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes	90
10753664586	genes	DNA segments that serve as the key functional units in hereditary transmission.	91
10753668006	deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)	A double-stranded, helical nucleic acid molecule capable of replicating and determining the inherited structure of a cell's proteins.	92
10753668985	dominant gene	A gene that is expressed in the offspring whenever it is present	93
10753687910	recessive gene	Gene that is hidden when the dominant gene is present	94
10753690375	Minnesota Twin Study	Bouchard et al. (1990) determined a heritability estimate of 70 per cent - that is, that 70 per cent of intelligence can be attributed to genetic inheritance. This suggests that 30 percent of intelligence may be attributed to other factors.	95
10753709900	Turner Syndrome	A chromosomal disorder in females in which either an X chromosome is missing, making the person XO instead of XX, or part of one X chromosome is deleted.	96
10753712653	Klinefelter syndrome	A chromosomal disorder in which males have an extra X chromosome, making them XXY instead of XY.	97
10753713985	Down Syndrome	a condition of intellectual disability and associated physical disorders caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21.	98
10753717458	nervous system	the body's speedy, electrochemical communication network, consisting of all the nerve cells of the peripheral and central nervous systems	99
10753720213	Dendrites	Branchlike parts of a neuron that are specialized to receive information.	100
10753721969	Stimulus	a signal to which an organism responds	101
10753722783	Soma	cell body	102
10753723747	axon	A threadlike extension of a neuron that carries nerve impulses away from the cell body.	103
10753726579	mylein sheath	layer of fatty tissue that covers many axons and helps speed neural impulses	104
10753729503	terminal branches	Branched endings of an axon that transmit messages to other neurons	105
10753733881	Synapse	the junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron	106
10753735062	SNS (somatic nervous system)	the part of the peripheral nervous system that controls voluntary movement of skeletal muscles	107
10753736032	CNS (central nervous system)	brain and spinal cord	108
10753736804	PNS (peripheral nervous system)	the sensory and motor neurons that connect the CNS to the rest of the body	109
10753740708	motor neurons	neurons that carry outgoing information from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands	110
10753742777	sensory neurons	neurons that carry incoming information from the sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cord	111
10753743491	Interneurons	neurons within the brain and spinal cord that communicate internally and intervene between the sensory inputs and motor outputs	112
10753746682	apharant neuron	sensory neuron	113
10753751435	epharant neuron	motor neuron	114
10753753194	resting potential	The difference in electric charge between the inside and outside of a neuron's cell membrane= salty banana	115
10753754780	action potential	a neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon about -55mv	116
10753758677	absolute threshold	the minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50 percent of the time	117
10753760143	refrectory period	a period in which the neuron doesn't react	118
10753767416	absolute refractory period	The minimum length of time after an action potential during which another action potential cannot begin.	119
10753770824	relative refractory period	A period after firing when a neuron is returning to its normal polarized state and will fire again only if the incoming message is much stronger than usual	120
10753773964	Depolarization	The process during the action potential when sodium is rushing into the cell causing the interior to become more positive.	121
10753774934	polarization	when the neuron is at rest; condition of neuron when the inside of the neuron is negatively charged relative to the outside of Enron; is necessary to generate the neuron signal in release of this polarization	122
10753779160	graded potential	a shift in the electrical charge in a tiny area of a neuron	123
10753780397	neurotransmitter	chemical messengers that cross the synaptic gaps between neurons	124
10753782878	Acetylcholine	A neurotransmitter that enables learning and memory and also triggers muscle contraction	125
10753785174	Dopamine	A neurotransmitter associated with movement, attention and learning and the brain's pleasure and reward system.	126
10753786081	Seritonin	Affects mood, hunger, sleep, and arousal	127
10753788440	Noreperephrine	helps control alertness and arousel	128
10753789665	epenephrine	Emotional arousal, memory storage, and metabolism of glucose necessary for energy release	129
10753790227	GABA	a major inhibitory neurotransmitter	130
10753791667	Glutamine	A major excitatory neurotransmitter; involved in memory	131
10753792198	Endorphins	"morphine within"--natural, opiatelike neurotransmitters linked to pain control and to pleasure.	132
10753793436	Agonist	a molecule that, by binding to a receptor site, stimulates a response	133
10753795311	Antagonsit	a molecule that, by binding to a receptor site, inhibits or blocks a response	134
10753796897	Reuptake inhibitors	Drugs that interfere with the reuptake of neurotransmitters in the synapse so that a greater amount remains in the synapse	135
10753797868	Botulism	blocks release of ACh; antagonist	136
10753802667	curare	a neurotoxin that causes paralysis by blocking acetylcholine receptors in muscle	137
10753807552	Anitpsychotic Medications	blocks dopamine receptors	138
10753809003	Caffine	stimulant. increased alertness and wakefullness. Anxiety, restlessness, and insomnia in high doses; uncomftorable withdrawal.	139
10753810806	Cocaine	A stimulant drug derived from the coca tree; prevents the reabsorption of dopamine; reuptake inhibitor	140
10753817382	neural plasticity	the ability of the brain to change in response to experience	141
10753819655	ANS	autonomic nervous system	142
10753822359	sympethetic nervous system	fight or flight response	143
10753824015	parasympathetic nervous system	the division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving its energy	144
10753834092	occiptal lobe	vision	145
10753835140	parietal lobe	A region of the cerebral cortex whose functions include processing information about touch.	146
10753836425	frontal lobe	A region of the cerebral cortex that has specialized areas for movement, abstract thinking, planning, memory, and judgement	147
10753837138	temporal lobe	A region of the cerebral cortex responsible for hearing and language.	148
10753839130	pons	A brain structure that relays information from the cerebellum to the rest of the brain	149
10753841090	medulla oblongata	Part of the brainstem that controls vital life-sustaining functions such as heartbeat, breathing, blood pressure, and digestion.	150
10753841091	Cerebellum	Balance and coordination	151
10753842944	cerebral cortex	The intricate fabric of interconnected neural cells covering the cerebral hemispheres; the body's ultimate control and information-processing center.	152
10753844178	corpus callosum	the large band of neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them	153
10753845459	ventricles of the brain	canals in the brain that contain cerebrospinal fluid	154
10753849498	Thalamus	the brain's sensory switchboard, located on top of the brainstem; it directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla	155
10753853385	Midbrain	A small part of the brain above the pons that integrates sensory information and relays it upward.	156
10753854714	pituitary gland	The endocrine system's most influential gland. Under the influence of the hypothalamus, the pituitary regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands.	157
10753855497	Hypothalamus	A neural structure lying below the thalamus; it directs several maintenance activities (eating, drinking, body temperature), helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion and reward.	158
10753858620	Hippocampus	A neural center located in the limbic system that helps process explicit memories for storage.	159
10753860140	Amygdala	two lima bean-sized neural clusters in the limbic system; linked to emotion.	160
10753864895	reticular formation	a nerve network in the brainstem that plays an important role in controlling arousal	161
10753867035	Forebrain	The largest and most complicated region of the brain, including the thalamus, hypothalamus, limbic system, and cerebrum.	162
10753867764	Hindbrain	medulla, pons, cerebellum	163
10753867765	limbic system	neural system (including the hippocampus, amygdala, and hypothalamus) located below the cerebral hemispheres; associated with emotions and drives.	164
10753871061	brain stem	Connects the brain and spinal cord	165
10753873155	medial forebrain bundle (MFB)	a fiber bundle that contains axons that connect the VTA and the NAC; electrical stimulation of these axons is reinforcing	166
10753877708	prefontal cortex	intellect, cognition, recall, and personality, working memory needed for abstract ideas, judgement, reasoning, persistence, and planning, complex learning and recall	167
10753881063	spatial neglect	condition produced by damage to the association areas of the right hemisphere resulting in an inability to recognize objects or body parts in the left visual field	168
10753887112	unilateral neglect	A syndrome in which people ignore objects located toward their left and the left sides of objects located anywhere; most often caused by damage to the right parietal lobe	169
10753887799	left brain	language and logic	170
10753888510	right brain	creative and spatial	171
10753890168	Sperry experiment	Cut optic nerve of frog and rotated 180 degrees Axons from what originally was dorsal retina (now ventral) grew back to area for dorsal - axons from what had once been ventral (now dorsal) grew back to original target - frog saw world upside down	172
10753892183	split brain	a condition resulting from surgery that isolates the brain's two hemispheres by cutting the fibers (mainly those of the corpus callosum) connecting them	173
10753893794	split brain patients	people whose corpus callosum has been surgically severed	174
10753895452	thyroid gland	produces hormones that regulate metabolism, body heat, and bone growth	175
10753898174	parathyroid glands	small pea-like organs that regulate calcium and phosphate balance in blood, bones, and other tissues	176
10753900206	pienal gland	secretes melatonin which helps regulate the sleep cycle	177
10753903104	Pancreas	Regulates the level of sugar in the blood	178
10753904339	Gonads	ovaries and testes; secrete estrogens and androgens	179
10753907677	adrenal glands	a pair of endocrine glands that sit just above the kidneys and secrete hormones (epinephrine and norepinephrine) that help arouse the body in times of stress.	180
10753909400	endocrine system	the body's "slow" chemical communication system; a set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream	181