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AP World History Chapter 2 Flashcards

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10784669765civilizationSocieties distinguished by reliance on sedentary agriculture, ability to produce food surpluses, and existence of nonfarming elites, as well as merchant and manufacturing groups.0
10784669766MesopotamiaLiterally "between the rivers"; the civilizations that arose in the alluvial plain of the Tigris and Euphrates river valley.1
10784669767SumeriansPeople who migrated into Mesopotamia c. 4000 B.C.E.; created first civilization within region; organized area into city-states.2
10784669768cuneiformA form of writing developed by the Sumerians using a wedge-shaped stylus and clay tablets.3
10784669769zigguratsMassive towers usually associated with Mesopotamian temple complexes.4
10784669770city-stateA form of political organization typical of Mesopotamian civilizations; consisted of agricultural hinterlands ruled by an urban-based king.5
10784669771BabyloniansUnified all of Mesopotamia c. 1800 B.C.E.; empire collapsed due to foreign invasion c. 1600 B.C.E.6
10784669772HammurabiThe most important ruler of the Babylonian empire; responsible for codification of law.7
10784669773pharaohTitle of kings of ancient Egypt.8
10784669774pyramidsMonumental architecture typical of Old Kingdom Egypt; used as burial sites for pharaohs.9
10784669775KushAn African state that developed along the upper reaches of the Nile c. 1000 B.C.E.; conquered Egypt and ruled it for several centuries.10
10784669776Indus RiverRiver sources in Himalayas to mouth in Arabian Sea; location of Harappan civilization.11
10784669777HarappaAlong with Mohenjodaro, major urban complex of the Harappan civilization; laid out on planned grid pattern.12
10784669778AryansIndo-European nomadic pastoralists who replaced Harappan civilization; militarized society.13
10784669779VedasAryan hymns originally transmitted orally but written down in sacred books from the 6th century B.C.E.14
10784669780MahabharataIndian epic of war, princely honor, love, and social duty; written down in the last centuries B.C.E.; previously handed down in oral form.15
10784669781RamayanaOne of the great epic tales from classical India; traces adventures of King Rama and his wife, Sita; written 4th to 2nd centuries B.C.E.16
10784669782UpanishadsLater books of the Vedas; contained sophisticated and sublime philosophical ideas; utilized by Brahmans to restore religious authority.17
10784669783Yellow RiverAlso known as the Huanghe; site of development of sedentary agriculture in China.18
10784669784ideographsPictographic characters grouped together to create new concepts; typical of Chinese writing.19
10784669785ShangFirst Chinese dynasty for which archeological evidence exists; capital located in Ordos bulge of the Huanghe; flourished 1600 to 1046 B.C.E.20
10784669786OlmecsPeople of a cultural tradition that arose at San Lorenzo and La Venta in Mexico c. 1200 B.C.E.; featured irrigated agriculture, urbanism, elaborate religion, beginnings of calendrical and writing systems.21
10784669787Chavin de HuantarChavin culture appeared in highlands of Andes between 1800 and 1200 B.C.E.; typified by ceremonial centers with large stone buildings; greatest ceremonial center was Chavin de Huantar; characterized by artistic motifs.22
10784669788PhoeniciansSeafaring civilization located on the shores of the eastern Mediterranean; established colonies throughout the Mediterranean.23
10784669789monotheismThe exclusive worship of a single god; introduced by the Jews into Western civilization.24
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