AP World History Chapter 2 Flashcards
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10784669765 | civilization | Societies distinguished by reliance on sedentary agriculture, ability to produce food surpluses, and existence of nonfarming elites, as well as merchant and manufacturing groups. | ![]() | 0 |
10784669766 | Mesopotamia | Literally "between the rivers"; the civilizations that arose in the alluvial plain of the Tigris and Euphrates river valley. | ![]() | 1 |
10784669767 | Sumerians | People who migrated into Mesopotamia c. 4000 B.C.E.; created first civilization within region; organized area into city-states. | ![]() | 2 |
10784669768 | cuneiform | A form of writing developed by the Sumerians using a wedge-shaped stylus and clay tablets. | ![]() | 3 |
10784669769 | ziggurats | Massive towers usually associated with Mesopotamian temple complexes. | ![]() | 4 |
10784669770 | city-state | A form of political organization typical of Mesopotamian civilizations; consisted of agricultural hinterlands ruled by an urban-based king. | ![]() | 5 |
10784669771 | Babylonians | Unified all of Mesopotamia c. 1800 B.C.E.; empire collapsed due to foreign invasion c. 1600 B.C.E. | ![]() | 6 |
10784669772 | Hammurabi | The most important ruler of the Babylonian empire; responsible for codification of law. | ![]() | 7 |
10784669773 | pharaoh | Title of kings of ancient Egypt. | ![]() | 8 |
10784669774 | pyramids | Monumental architecture typical of Old Kingdom Egypt; used as burial sites for pharaohs. | ![]() | 9 |
10784669775 | Kush | An African state that developed along the upper reaches of the Nile c. 1000 B.C.E.; conquered Egypt and ruled it for several centuries. | ![]() | 10 |
10784669776 | Indus River | River sources in Himalayas to mouth in Arabian Sea; location of Harappan civilization. | ![]() | 11 |
10784669777 | Harappa | Along with Mohenjodaro, major urban complex of the Harappan civilization; laid out on planned grid pattern. | ![]() | 12 |
10784669778 | Aryans | Indo-European nomadic pastoralists who replaced Harappan civilization; militarized society. | ![]() | 13 |
10784669779 | Vedas | Aryan hymns originally transmitted orally but written down in sacred books from the 6th century B.C.E. | ![]() | 14 |
10784669780 | Mahabharata | Indian epic of war, princely honor, love, and social duty; written down in the last centuries B.C.E.; previously handed down in oral form. | ![]() | 15 |
10784669781 | Ramayana | One of the great epic tales from classical India; traces adventures of King Rama and his wife, Sita; written 4th to 2nd centuries B.C.E. | ![]() | 16 |
10784669782 | Upanishads | Later books of the Vedas; contained sophisticated and sublime philosophical ideas; utilized by Brahmans to restore religious authority. | ![]() | 17 |
10784669783 | Yellow River | Also known as the Huanghe; site of development of sedentary agriculture in China. | ![]() | 18 |
10784669784 | ideographs | Pictographic characters grouped together to create new concepts; typical of Chinese writing. | ![]() | 19 |
10784669785 | Shang | First Chinese dynasty for which archeological evidence exists; capital located in Ordos bulge of the Huanghe; flourished 1600 to 1046 B.C.E. | ![]() | 20 |
10784669786 | Olmecs | People of a cultural tradition that arose at San Lorenzo and La Venta in Mexico c. 1200 B.C.E.; featured irrigated agriculture, urbanism, elaborate religion, beginnings of calendrical and writing systems. | ![]() | 21 |
10784669787 | Chavin de Huantar | Chavin culture appeared in highlands of Andes between 1800 and 1200 B.C.E.; typified by ceremonial centers with large stone buildings; greatest ceremonial center was Chavin de Huantar; characterized by artistic motifs. | ![]() | 22 |
10784669788 | Phoenicians | Seafaring civilization located on the shores of the eastern Mediterranean; established colonies throughout the Mediterranean. | ![]() | 23 |
10784669789 | monotheism | The exclusive worship of a single god; introduced by the Jews into Western civilization. | ![]() | 24 |