Biochemistry - AP Flashcards

11693909882	atom	smallest part of an element	0
11693909883	proton	positive charge, in nucleus	1
11693909884	neutron	no charge, in nucleus	2
11693909885	electron	negative charge, outside nucleus	3
11693909886	valence electrons	electrons in outermost shell, able to interact	4
11693909887	octet rule	states that atoms lose, gain or share electrons in order to acquire a full set of eight valence electrons	5
11693909888	atomic number	number of protons	6
11693909889	atomic mass	number of protons + neutrons	7
11693909890	isotopes	different forms of same element - same number of protons, different number of neutrons	8
11693909891	ions	atoms that have gained or lost electrons	9
11693909892	cations	positively charged (lost electrons)	10
11693909893	anions	negatively charged (gained electrons)	11
11693909895	covalent bond	bond formed by sharing of electrons	12
11693909896	polar bond	covalent bond in which electrons are shared unevenly	13
11693909897	nonpolar bond	covalent bond where electrons are shared evenly	14
11693909898	hydrophilic	water loving	15
11693909899	hydrophobic	water fearing	16
11693909900	hydrogen bond	strongest interaction between molecules - forms with polar molecules	17
11693909902	cohesion	water sticks to itself	18
11693909903	adhesion	water sticks to other polar molecules (capillary action)	19
11693909904	heat storage	water requires a lot of heat to disrupt hydrogen bonds	20
11693909905	ice formation	water is less dense as solid than liquid	21
11693909906	universal solvent	water is able to dissolve many materials (polar materials)	22
11693909915	monomers	small building blocks of polymers	23
11693909916	polymers	chains of monomers	24
11693909917	dehydration synthesis	reaction used in building polymers that will release water	25
11693909918	hydrolysis	reaction used in breaking polymers that uses water	26
11693909919	function of carbohydrate	short term energy, building material	27
11693909920	glucose	monosaccharide, used for energy	28
11693909921	disaccharide	two monosaccharides linked together	29
11693909922	polysaccharide	many monosaccharide units	30
11693909926	lipid	Energy-rich organic compounds, such as fats, oils, and waxes, that are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.	31
11693909927	phospholipid	fat found in cell membrane, hydrophobic + hydrophilic ends	32
11693909928	definition of proteins	long chain of amino acids (polypeptide)	33
11693909944	amino acid	Building blocks of protein	34
11693909945	primary protein structure	sequence of amino acids	35
11693909946	secondary protein structure	coiling or folding of a polypeptide due to H-bonding between amino acids	36
11693909947	tertiary protein structure	occurs when certain attractions are present between alpha helices and pleated sheets	37
11693909948	quaternary protein structure	2+ protein chains forming functional protein	38
11693909930	peptide bond	bond between amino acids formed by dehydration reaction	39
11693909931	enzymes	protein that increase reaction rate by lowering activation energy	40
11693909932	nucleic acids	DNA, RNA - made up of nucleotides	41
11693909933	DNA	deoxyribonucleic acid - genetic material	42
11693909935	nucleotide	monomer of nucleic acids made up of a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base	43
11693909936	RNA	ribonucleic acid - intermediate of DNA and proteins	44
11693909937	ATP	energy in the cell	45
11710704179	Substrate	reactant of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction	46