AP Language Chapter 3 Flashcards
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| 11501596349 | argument | A process of reasoned inquiry; a persuasive discourse resulting in a coherent and considered movement from a claim to a conclusion. | 0 | |
| 11501685977 | assumption, warrant | In the Toulmin model, this term expresses the assumption necessarily shared by the speaker and the audience. | 1 | |
| 11501737133 | backing | In the Toulmin model, this term consists of further assurances or data without which the assumption lacks authority. | 2 | |
| 11501744918 | begging the question | A fallacy in which a claim is based on evidence or support that is in doubt. | 3 | |
| 11501750396 | circular reasoning | a fallacy in which the writer repeats the claim as a way to provide evidence | 4 | |
| 11501755402 | claim | Also called an assertion or a proposition, this term states the argument's main idea or position. A claim differs from a topic or subject in that a claim has to be arguable. | 5 | |
| 11501781729 | claim of fact | This type of claim asserts that something is true or not true. | 6 | |
| 11501792473 | claim of policy | This type of claim proposes a change. | 7 | |
| 11501798314 | claim of value | This type of claim argues that something is good or bad, right or wrong. | 8 | |
| 11501804521 | classic oration | a five-point argument structure that includes introduction, narration, confirmation, refutation, and conclusion. | 9 | |
| 11501814563 | closed thesis | A thesis statement of the main idea of the argument that also previews the major points the writer intends to make. | 10 | |
| 11501817785 | deduction | A logical process whereby one reaches a conclusion by starting with a general principle or universal truth (a major premise( and applying it to a specific case (a minor premise). | 11 | |
| 11501832260 | either/or | A fallacy in which the speaker presents two extreme options as the only possible choices. | 12 | |
| 11501844332 | faulty analogy | a fallacy that occurs when an analogy compares two things that are not comparable | 13 | |
| 11501876878 | first-hand evidence | Evidence based on something the writer knows, whether it's from personal experience, observations, or general knowledge of events. | 14 | |
| 11501884893 | hasty generalization | A fallacy in which a faulty conclusion is reached because of inadequate evidence. | 15 | |
| 11501891048 | induction | a logical process whereby the writer reasons from particulars to universals, using specific cases in order to draw a conclusion, which is also called a generalization | 16 | |
| 11501915872 | logical fallacy | potential vulnerabilities or weaknesses in an argument | 17 | |
| 11501920402 | open thesis | A thesis that does not list all the points the writer intends to cover in an essay. | 18 | |
| 11501929796 | post hoc ergo propter hoc | This fallacy is Latin for "after which therefore because of which," meaning that it is incorrect to always claim that something is a cause just because it happened earlier. One may loosely summarize this fallacy by saying that correlation does not imply causation. | 19 | |
| 11501936078 | qualifier | In the Toulmin model, this term uses words like usually, probably, maybe, in most cases, and most likely to temper the claim, making it less absolute. | 20 | |
| 11501943970 | quantitative evidence | includes things that can be measured, cited, counted, or otherwise represented in numbers | 21 | |
| 11501952841 | rebuttal | in the Toulmin model, this term gives voice to possible objections | 22 | |
| 11501970084 | reservation | explains the terms and conditions necessitated by the qualifier | 23 | |
| 11501990310 | Rogerian arguments | Developed by psychiatrist Carl Rogers, these arguments are based on the assumption that having a full understanding of an opposing position is essential to responding to it persuasively and refuting it in a way that is accommodating rather than alienating. | 24 | |
| 11501996785 | second-hand evidence | Evidence that is accessed through research, reading, and investigation. It includes factual and historical information, expert opinion, and quantitative data. | 25 | |
| 11502001743 | straw man | A fallacy that occurs when a speaker chooses a deliberately poor or oversimplified example in order to ridicule and refute an idea. | 26 | |
| 11502010838 | syllogism | a logical structure that uses the major premise and minor premise to reach a necessary conclusion | 27 | |
| 11502019731 | Toulmin Model | An approach to analyzing and constructing arguments created by British philosopher Stephen Toulmin. | 28 | |
| 11502144054 | bandwagon appeal | This fallacy occurs when evidence boils down to "everybody's doing it, so it must be a good thing to do." | 29 |