AP World History: Traditions and Encounters (Chapter 13 Vocab) Flashcards

11050915666	Buddhism	This spread beyond its homeland of India, attracted a large popular following in China, and even influenced the thought of Confucian scholars. Attracted Chinese interest partly because of its high standards of morality, its intellectual sophistication, and its promise of salvation.	0
11050915667	Qin Dynasty*	The first dynasty of Imperial China, lasting from 221 to 206 BC. Named for its heartland in Qin state, the dynasty was founded by Qin Shi Huang, the First Emperor of Qin. Capital was Xianyang.	1
11050915668	Daoism	Chinese philosophy with origins in the Zhou dynasty; it is associated with legendary philosopher Laozi, and it called fora policy of noncompetition.	2
11050915669	Shogun	A shogun was the military dictator of Japan during the period from 1185 to 1868 (with exceptions). In most of this period, the shoguns were the de facto rulers of the country, although nominally they were appointed by the Emperor as a ceremonial formality. The Shoguns held almost absolute power over territories through military means.	3
11050915670	Foot Binding	Involved the tight wrapping of young girls' feet with strips of cloth that prevented natural growth of the bones and resulted in tiny, malformed, curved feet.	4
11050915671	Song Taizu	The first Song emperor, Song Taizu (reigned 960-976 C.E.), inaugurated this pol-icy. Song Taizu began his career as a junior military officer serving one of the most powerful warlords in northern China.	5
11050915672	Hangzhou	In the late thirteenth century, Hangzhou, capital of the Southern Song dynasty, had more than 1 million residents. As a capital, Hangzhou was something of a special case among cities, but during the Tang and Song eras, scores of Chinese cities boasted populations of one hundred thousand or more.	6
11050915673	The Tale of Genji	This story offers a meditation on the passing of time and the sorrows that time brings to sensitive human beings.	7
11050915674	Li Bai	Li Bai (701-761 C.E.), who was perhaps the most popular poet of the Tang era, took the social life of these Chinese cities as one of his principal themes.Li Bai mostly wrote light, pleasing verse celebrating life, friendship, and especially wine.	8
11050915675	Uyghurs	Most Uighurs are Muslim and Islam is an important part of their life and identity. Their language is related to Turkish, and they regard themselves as culturally and ethnically close to Central Asian nations.	9
11050915676	Nam Viet	Chinese relations with Vietnam were far more tense than with Korea. When Tang armies ventured into the land that Chinese called Nam Viet, they encountered spirited resistance on the part of the Viet people, who had settled in the region around the Red River. In Vietnam they encountered strains of fast-ripening rice that enabled cultivators to harvest two crops per year.	10
11050915677	Xuanzang	The monk Xuanzang (602-664) was only one of many devout pilgrims who traveled to India to visit holy sites and learn about Buddhism in its homeland.	11
11050915678	Nirvana	the Indian term nirvana (personal salvation that comes after an individual soul escapes from the cycle of incarnation)	12
11050915679	Porcelain	During Tang times they discovered techniques of producing high-quality ______________, which was lighter, thinner, and adaptable to more uses than earlier pottery. When fired with glazes, ____________ could also become an aesthetically appealing utensil and even a work of art.	13
11050915680	Confucianism	Based on the teachings of the Chinese philosopher Kong Fuzi, that emphasizes order, the role of the gentleman, obligation to society, and reciprocity.	14
11050915681	Shinto	While adopting Confucian and Buddhist traditions from China, for example, the Japanese continued to observe the rites of Shinto, their indigenous religion, which revolved around the veneration of ancestors and a host of nature spirits and deities.	15
11050915682	Equal-field System	Governed the allocation of agricultural land. Its purpose was to ensure an equitable distribution of land and to avoid the concentration of landed property that had caused social problems during the Tang dynasty.	16
11050915683	Song Dynasty*	Following the Tang collapse, warlords ruled China until the _________ dynasty reimposed centralized imperial rule in the late tenth century. Though it survived for more than three centuries, the __________ dynasty (960-1279 C.E.) never built a very powerful state. _____________ rulers mistrusted military leaders, and they placed much more emphasis on civil administration, industry, education, and the arts than on military affairs.	17
11050915684	Gunpowder	Knowledge of gunpowder chemistry quickly diffused through Eurasia, and by the late thirteenth century peoples of southwest Asia and Europe were experimenting with metal-barreled cannons.	18
11050915685	Sui Yangdi	The second emperor, Sui Yangdi (reigned 604 -618 C.E.), completed work on the canal to facilitate trade between northern and southern China, particularly to make the abundant supplies of rice and other food crops from the Yangzi River valley available to residents of northern regions.	19
11050915686	Kamakura Period*	In the Kamakura (1185-1333 C.E.) period, Japan developed a decentralized political order in which provincial lords wielded effective power and authority in local regions where they controlled land and economic affairs. Historians refer to the Kamakura period as Japan's medieval period—a middle era falling between the age of Chinese influence and court domination of political life in Japan, as represented by the Nara and Heian periods, and the modern age, inaugurated by the Tokugawa dynasty in the sixteenth century, when a centralized government unified and ruled all of Japan.	20
11050915687	Tang Taizong	Much of the Tang's success was due to the energy, ability, and policies of the dynasty's second emperor, ____________ (reigned 627-649 C.E.). He was both ambitious and ruthless: in making his way to the imperial throne, he murdered two of his brothers and pushed his father aside. Once on the throne, however, he displayed a high sense of duty and strove conscientiously to provide an effective, stable government.	21
11050915688	Muromachi Period	In the Muromachi (1336-1573 C.E.) period, Japan developed a decentralized political order in which provincial lords wielded effective power and authority in local regions where they controlled land and economic affairs. Historians refer to the Muromachi period as Japan's medieval period—a middle era falling between the age of Chinese influence and court domination of political life in Japan, as represented by the Nara and Heian periods, and the modern age, inaugurated by the Tokugawa dynasty in the sixteenth century, when a centralized government unified and ruled all of Japan.	22
11050915689	We Zhao	King Wen of Zhou was king of Zhou during the late Shang dynasty in ancient China. Although it was his son Wu who conquered the Shang following the Battle of Muye, King Wen was honored as the founder of the Zhou dynasty.	23
11050915690	Neo-Confucianism	Confucians of the Song dynasty drew a great deal of inspiration from Buddhism. Because their thought reflected the influence of Buddhism as well as original Confucian values, it has come to be known as this.	24
11050915691	Zhu Xi	The most important representative of Song neo-Confucianism was the philosopher Zhu Xi (1130-1200 C.E.). A prolific writer, Zhu Xi maintained a deep commitment to Confucian values emphasizing proper personal behavior and social harmony.	25
11050915692	Chan Buddhism	The result was a syncretic faith, a Buddhism with Chinese characteristics. ________ Buddhism promised individual salvation and won the allegiance of peasants and commoners.	26
11050915693	Samurai	Professional warriors, specialists in the use of force and the arts of fighting. They served the provincial lords of Japan, who relied on the samurai both to enforce their authority in their own territories and to extend their claims to other lands.	27
11050915694	Dunhuang	By the fourth century C.E., a sizable Buddhist community had emerged at Dunhuang in western China (modern Gansu province). Between about 600 and 1000 C.E., Buddhists built hundreds of cave temples in the vicinity of Dunhuang and decorated them with murals depicting events in the lives of the Buddha and the boddhisatvas who played prominent roles in Mahayana Buddhism. They also assembled libraries of religious literature and operated scriptoria to produce Buddhist texts. Missions supported by establishments such as those at Dunhuang helped Buddhism to establish a foothold in China.	28
11050915695	Silla Dynasty*	During the seventh century, Tang armies conquered much of Korea before the native Silla dynasty rallied to prevent Chinese domination of the peninsula. Both Tang and Silla authorities preferred to avoid a long and costly conflict, so they agreed to apolitical compromise: Chinese forces withdrew from Korea, and the Silla king recognized the Tang emperor as his overlord.	29
11050915696	Grand Canal	A series of artificial waterways that ultimately reached from Hangzhou in the south to the imperial capital of Chang'an in the west to a terminus near modern Beijing in the north.	30
11050915697	Sui Dynasty*	Like the rulers of the Qin dynasty, the emperors of the ________ dynasty (589-618 C.E.)placed enormous demands on their subjects in the course of building a strong, centralized government. The ____________vemperors ordered the construction of palaces and granaries, carried out extensive repairs on defensive walls, dispatched military forces to central Asia and Korea, levied high taxes, and demanded compulsory labor services.	31
11050915698	Heian Japan	During the Heian period (794 -1185 C.E.), local rulers on the island of Honshu mostly recognized the emperor as Japan's supreme political authority. Unlike their Chinese counterparts, however, Japanese emperors rarely ruled but, rather, served as ceremonial figureheads and symbols of authority.	32
11050915699	Tang Dynasty*	The __________ dynasty replaced the Sui, and the Song succeeded them. They organized Chinese society so efficiently that China became a center of exceptional agricultural and industrial production. Indeed, much of the eastern hemisphere felt the effects of the powerful Chinese economy of this dynasty.	33
11050915700	Mahayana Buddhism	Interactions with peoples of other societies encouraged cultural change in post classical China. The Confucian and Daoist traditions did not disappear. But they made way for a foreign religion—Mahayana Buddhism—and they developed along new lines that reflected the conditions of Tang and Song society.	34
11050915701	Wu Wei	The Daoist ethic of non-competition, the main principle is to succeed without effort. (Not to be confused with laziness)	35
11050915702	Nara Japan	The establishment of the powerful Sui and Tang dynasties in China had repercussions in Japan, where they suggested the value of centralized imperial government.	36
11050915703	Yang Jian	Yang Jian, an ambitious ruler in northern China, embarked on a series of military campaigns that brought all of China once again under centralized imperial rule. Yang Jian's Sui dynasty survived less than thirty years, but the tradition of centralized rule outlived his house.	37