AP Bio chapter 13 Flashcards
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| 7932236332 | heredity | passing of traits from parents to offspring | 0 | |
| 7932236333 | genetics | the scientific study of heredity | 1 | |
| 7932254465 | genes | segment of DNA that code for basic units of heredity | 2 | |
| 7932439724 | locus | a specific place along the length of a chromosome where a given gene is located | 3 | |
| 8358816486 | polygenic trait | trait controlled by two or more genes; shows a wide variety of phenotypes | 4 | |
| 8358823994 | pleiotropic trait | The single gene controlling or influencing multiple (and possibly unrelated) phenotypic traits. | 5 | |
| 7932236334 | meiosis | -cell division that produces reproductive cells in sexually reproducing organisms -REDUCES the number of sets of chromosomes from two to one in the gametes -cells divide TWICE, resulting in 4 daughter cells with 1/2 as many chromosomes as the parent cell | 6 | |
| 7932236335 | asexual reproduction | -produces clones (genetically identical individuals) through the fusion of gametes -single parent -little variation, only through mutations -fast and energy efficient -examples: budding, binary fusion | 7 | |
| 7932236336 | sexual reproduction | -meiosis produces gametes (sex cells) -2 parents (male and female) -lots of variation/diversity -slower and more energy consumptive -example: humans and trees | 8 | |
| 7957944988 | sex chromosomes | chromosomes that determine the sex of an individual (X and Y chromosomes) | 9 | |
| 7957944989 | autosomes | non-sex chromosomes | 10 | |
| 7932339715 | XX | female sex chromosomes | 11 | |
| 7932339716 | XY | male sex chromosomes | 12 | |
| 7932439725 | gametes | -transmit genes from generation to the next -22 autosomes + 1 sex chromosome -egg: 22 + X -sperm 22 + X *OR* 22 + Y | 13 | |
| 7932439726 | karyotype | a display of the chromosome pairs of a cell arranged by size and shape (arranged largest to smallest in pairs) |  | 14 |
| 7932439727 | fertilization | the joining of a sperm cell and an egg cell | 15 | |
| 7932439728 | zygote | a fertilized egg | 16 | |
| 7932439729 | meiosis can start | once an egg becomes a zygote, then what can start? | 17 | |
| 7932439730 | fertilization and meiosis | _______ and ________ alternate in sexual life cycles. | 18 | |
| 7957944990 | life cycle | the generation-to-generation sequence of stages in the reproductive history of an organism | 19 | |
| 7957944991 | homologous chromosomes (homologs) | pair of chromosomes that are the same size, same appearance and same genes. | 20 | |
| 7957944992 | gamete cells | the only cells NOT produced by mitosis | 21 | |
| 7957944994 | meiosis I and meiosis II | what are the two consecutive cell divisions in the process of meiosis? | 22 | |
| 7957944995 | 4 (each with half as many chromosomes as the parent cell) | meiosis I and meiosis II result in how many daughter cells? | 23 | |
| 7958514489 | separates homologous chromosomes | what does meiosis I do? | 24 | |
| 7958514490 | Prophase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase I, Telophase I + cytokinesis | what are the 4 stages in meiosis I ? | 25 | |
| 7958514491 | prophase I of meiosis | -chromosomes condense -crossing over occurs: DNA of non-sister chromatids are broken by proteins and rejoined to each other -in this stage, each homologous pair has 1+ x-shaped regions called CHIASMATA where crossovers have occurred -microtubules from both poles will attach to two kinetochores and then the pairs will move toward the metaphase plate | 26 | |
| 7958514492 | metaphase I of meiosis | -homologous chromosomes line up along equator -both chromatids from one homolog are attached to microtubules from both poles | 27 | |
| 7958514493 | anaphase I of meiosis | -homologous chromosomes are pulled apart into individual chromosomes -the homologs move toward opposite poles | 28 | |
| 7958514494 | telophase I and cytokinesis | -when telophase I begins, each half of the cell has a complete haploid set of duplicated chromosomes composed of 2 sister chromatids -the cytoplasm divides and chromosomes gather at the poles of the cells -in animal cells a cleavage furrow forms and in plant cells a cell plate forms | 29 | |
| 7958514495 | separates sister chromatids | what does meiosis II do? | 30 | |
| 7958514496 | Prophase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II, Telophase II + cytokinesis | what are the 4 stages in meiosis II ? | 31 | |
| 8257454495 | Prophase II of meiosis II | -a spindle apparatus forms -chromosomes move toward the metaphase II plate | 32 | |
| 7958514498 | metaphase II of meiosis II | -chromosomes align down the center of the cell -because of crossing over in meiosis I, the two sister chromatids if each chromosome are NOT genetically identical -the kinetochores of sister chromatids are attached to microtubules extending from opposite poles | 33 | |
| 7958514499 | anaphase II of meiosis | -chromatids separate toward opposite poles as individual chromosomes | 34 | |
| 7958514500 | telophase II and cytokinesis of meiosis | -nuclei form -chromosomes uncoil and nuclear membrane reappears -the meiotic division of one parent cell produces four daughter cells, each with a haploid set of unduplicated chromosomes -the 4 daughter cells are generally distinct from one another and the parents | 35 | |
| 7958514501 | cohesins | proteins that hold sister chromatids together | 36 | |
| 7958514502 | synaptonemal complex | zipper-like proteins that hold together homologous chromosomes (the binding is called SYNAPSIS) | 37 | |
| 7958514503 | crossing over, independent assortment, random fertilization | what are the 3 sources of genetic variation? | 38 | |
| 7958514504 | crossing over | exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis |  | 39 |
| 7958692949 | recombinant chromosomes | a chromosome created when crossing over combines the DNA from two parents into a single chromosome | 40 | |
| 7958514505 | independent assortment | random distribution of homologous chromosomes during meiosis | 41 | |
| 7958514506 | random fertilization | any sperm can fuse with any egg (64 trillion combinations!!) | 42 | |
| 7958514507 | MITOSIS: -somatic cells -1 division, 2 diploid daughter cells -clones -no synapsis/crossing over -purpose: growth/repair — MEIOSIS: - gametes (sex cells) -2 divisions, 4 haploid daughter cells -combination of traits -synapsis/ crossing over can occur -purpose: reproduction | mitosis vs. meiosis | 43 | |
| 7958692950 | synapsis and crossing over, homologous pairs at the metaphase plate, and the separation of homologs | what are 3 events that are unique to meiosis? | 44 | |
| 7958692951 | alleles | different forms of a gene, the bands you see on DNA | 45 | |
| 7958692952 | sexual dimorphism | differences in physical characteristics between males and females of the same species | 46 | |
| 7958692953 | nondisjunction | error in meiosis in which the homologous chromosomes fail to separate properly |  | 47 |
| 7958692954 | gonadal dysgenesis | a male has female genitalia and doesn't produce enough testosterone (WHAT SANTHI SOUNDARARAJAN HAS) | 48 |