AP Psych- Cognition, Memory, Language Flashcards

9796023424	cognition	mental processes involved in acquiring or processing	0
9796027546	concept	mental grouping of objects, events, or people	1
9796031314	concept hierarchy	multi level classification system based on common properties among items	2
9796039210	category	concept that organizes other concepts around what they all share in common	3
9796045801	prototype	the best fitting example of a category	4
9796049137	deductive reasoning	general statements to specific conclusions	5
9796078818	inductive reasoning	specific evidence to general conclusions	6
9796081166	metacognitive thinking	ability to think first nd then to reflect on one's own thinking; the awareness of one's own thinking process	7
9796090196	algorithm	procedure that guarantees problem will be solves; covers every option but is time consuming	8
9796098940	heuristic	thinking strategy that is quicker but more error prone than algorithms	9
9796106147	insight	when people suddenly discover the correct solution to a problem after struggling with it for a while. Preceded by a gradual movement towards a solution that occurs outside of the problem solver's awareness	10
9796122215	fixation	using a single approach to a problem rather than exploring different options in problem solving	11
9796131483	mental set	exists when people persist in using problem solving strategies that have worked in the past	12
9796138609	representative heuristic	estimate the probability of one event based on how typical it is of another event	13
9796145362	availability heuristic	make decisions based on the ease with which estimates come to mind or how available they are to our awareness	14
9796157274	overconfidence	people ted to put too much faith in their estimate, beliefs, and decisions even when they should know better	15
9796166940	belief perseverance	tendency for people to hold their beliefs as true, even when there is simple evidence to discredit belief	16
9796176961	intuition	ability to acquire knowledge w/ out proof	17
9796181156	framing	refers to how decision issues are posed or how choices are structured	18
9796188057	intelligence	a set of cognitive skills that includes abstract thinking, reasoning, problem solving, and the ability to acquire knowledge	19
9796201158	general intelligence (g)	existence of a broad mental capacity that influences performance on cognitive ability measures	20
9796211543	factor analysis	statistical method used to describe variability among observed	21
9796219310	savant syndrome	low overall intelligence but are extremely gifted in one area (IQ below 70)	22
9796227116	creativity	thought/behavior that is original and useful	23
9796231507	emotional intelligence	consists of the ability to perceive and express emotion, assimilate emotion in thought, understand and reason with emotions and regulation emotion	24
9796249347	intelligence test	spatial, verbal, quantitative, perceptual (part of g factor)	25
9796262152	mental age	score of an IQ test or the level of native mental ability or capacity of an individual	26
9796268875	Stanford-Binet	widely used form on IQ test among children	27
9796276329	Intelligence Quotient (IQ)	mental age/chronological age x100	28
9796293206	Wechsler Adult Intelligence Test (WAIS)	published first high quality IQ test designed specifically for adults	29
9796303453	Standardization	the uniform procedures used in the administration and scoring of a test	30
9796309895	normal curve	symmetric bell shaped curve that reps the pattern in which many characteristics are dispersed in the population	31
9796317506	reliability	consistency of the results of a measurement	32
9796323019	validity	the ability of a test to measure what it was designed to measure	33
9796328463	content validity	refers to the degree to which the content of a test is representative of the domain its supposed to cover	34
9796336644	intellectual disability	sub average general mental ability accompanied by deficiencies in adaptive skills originating before age 18	35
9796352009	down syndrome	an extra 21st chromosome	36
9796354884	predictive validity	the extent to which performance on a test is related to later performance that the test was designed to predict	37
9796368282	heritability	an estimate of the proportion of trait variability in a population that is determined by variations in genetic inheritance	38
9796387104	stereotype threat	race or gender is falsely attributed to failure	39
9797064532	linguistic determinism	our language determines our way of thinking and our perceptions of the world	40
9797077164	critical period (sensitivity period)	principle of language development suggesting that when children are not exposed to any human language before a certain age, their language ability never fully develop	41
9797094276	memory	learning that persists over time, involves the storage and retrieval of info	42
9797099318	encoding	processing of info into memory	43
9797103314	storage	retention encoded info over time	44
9797106919	retrieval	process of getting info out of memory system	45
9797110156	sensory memory	immediate, brief recording of info from senses	46
9797115554	short term memory	memory that holds a few (about 7) items briefly; info is either stored or forgotten	47
9797126554	long term memory	relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of memory includes knowledge, skills , and experience	48
9797134110	working memory	another name for short term memory	49
9797136469	three stage processing model of memory	sensory, short term, long term	50
9797141757	automatic processing	unconscious Ex.) space, time, frequency, well-learned material	51
9797150994	effortful processing	conscious Ex.) rehearsal, distributed study/practice	52
9797157426	rehearsal	the conscious repetition of info, either to maintain it in consciousness or encode for storage	53
9797164059	spacing effect	the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through mass study	54
9797173643	testing effect	an enhancement in the long-term retention of information as a result of taking a memory test	55
9797180991	serial position effect	tendency to recall best the last and first items on a list	56
9797185476	primacy	more time to rehearse	57
9797187929	recency	remember last item b/c it is still in short term memory	58
9797192225	mnemonics	methods that help us remember	59
9797195895	imagery	using visual imagery to help remember	60
9797198701	chunking	organizing into manageable units	61
9797216698	memory hierarchy	organizing words/concepts into groups based on similar characteristics help memory	62
9797222305	iconic memory	momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli (photographic but lasts no more than a few tenths of a second)	63
9797237200	echoic memory	momentary sensory memory of auditory information	64
9797247061	short-term memory decay	unless rehearsed, verbal info is quickly forgotten	65
9797250411	long-term potentiation	an increase in a synapse's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. Believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory	66
9797260516	flashbulb memories	a clear memory of an emotionally significant memory or event	67
9797264697	amnesia	extensive memory loss due to head injury	68
9797268601	memory subsystems		69
9797281609	implicit memory	knowledge based on previous experiences (eg skills we have mastered); resides outside conscious awareness	70
9797294150	explicit memory	conscious recall of facts and events	71
9797294199	semantic memory	facts and knowledge	72
9797297509	hippocampus	where explicit memories are processed	73
9797306199	cerebellum	important info for implicit memories and conditioned responses	74
9797325125	schemas	pattern of thought or behavior that organizes categories of information and the relationships among them	75
9797330610	recognizing	the person need to only identify items previously learned	76
9797335573	recall	the person must retrieve info learned earlier	77
9797340444	relearning	the amount of time saved when learning info for the second time	78
9797347479	retrieval cues	signals that help us remember information such as key words, memory palaces, etc.	79
9797355422	context effects	giving hints or related info to memory	80
9797369461	deja vu	eerie sense of "I've experienced this before"	81
9797372876	mood congruent	the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current mood	82
9797381012	forgetting (encoding, storage, or retrieval failure)	failure of information to go through 3 stage processing model	83
9797385603	proactive interference	disruption of prior learning on the recall of new info	84
9797390587	retroactive interference	disruption of new learning on the recall of old info	85
9797399252	absent-mindedness	ineffective encoding	86
9797401495	repression	refers to keeping distressing thoughts and feelings buried in the unconscious	87
9797405698	blocking	people forget information because of competition from other material	88
9797410837	suggestibility	problem with memory that occurs when memories are implanted in out minds based on leading questions, comments, or suggestions by someone else	89
9797420363	false memory	memories for events that never happened but were suggest by someone or something	90
9797433010	recovered memory	a memory from a real event that was encoded, stored, but not retrieved for a long period of time until some later event brings it suddenly to consciousness	91
9797440912	misinformation effect	incorporating misleading info into ones memory of an event	92
9797456106	anterograde amnesia	can't remember AFTER injury	93
9797462259	retrograde amnesia	can't remember BEFORE amnesia	94