AP Biology - Evolution Flashcards

5739859421	use and disuse	Specific traits that are used more become larger and stronger, while less used parts weaken and are not passed down to offspring. Idea from Lamarck	0
5739868348	inheritance of acquired characteristics	organisms can pass body modifications down to their offspring. Idea from Lamarck	1
5739873555	adaptions	inherited characteristics of organisms that enhance their change at survival and reproduction in certain enviornments	2
5739884229	natural selection	The differences in survival and reproduction among individuals in a population as a result of their interaction with the environment. individual organisms with certain enhanced characteristics survive and reproduce at a larger rate because of the enhanced traits while those without enhanced traits die. Darwin's theory	3
5739897400	homologous structures	Body parts that resemble one another in different species because they have evolved from a common ancestor. (example: the hand structure of humans and a bat)	4
5739924575	Cladagram	Relationships among animals within the same species, groups of organisms, or those that share a common ancestor are displayed.	5
5739941961	Paleontolgy	provides fossils that reveal the prehistoric existence of extinct species. As a result, changes in species and the formation of new species can be studied. Additionally, common ancestors can be found, and the fossils can be carbon dated to find a relative time period of which it lived.	6
5739976104	Biogeography	using geography to describe the distribution of species	7
5739978803	Embryology	reveals similar stages in development in related species, or species with a common ancestor.	8
5739987716	Comparative anatomy	describes two kinds of structures that contribute to the identification of evolutionary relationships among species.	9
5739991155	Analogous structures	body parts that resemble one another in different species, not because the have evolved from a common ancestor, but because they evolved independently as adaptions to their environments. (example: wings of a bird and wings of a butterfly)	10
5740020754	Vestigial structures	homologous structures that a species once had, but no longer has because they no longer needed it for survival. (example: the tailbone of a human)	11
5740029973	molecular biology	examines the nucleotide and amino acid sequences of DNA and proteins from different species.	12
5740051520	Microevolution	describes the details of how populations of organisms change from generation to generation and how species originate.	13
5740060569	macroevolution	describes patterns of changes in groups of related species over broad periods of geologic time.	14
5740137218	fitness	Survival of the fittest: Adapting superior inherited traits that benefit and increase chance of survival within a given environment.	15
5740156950	evidence of evolution	1. populations possess an enormous reproductive potential 2. Population sizes remain stable 3. Resources are limited 4. Individuals compete for survival	16
5740179204	Stabilizing selection	Eliminates individuals that have extreme or unusual traits. Individuals with the most common trait are the best adapted. Favors the middle trait when no evolution is occurring	17
5740185229	Directional selection	Favors traits that are at one extreme within a range of trait, while traits at the opposite are rarely selected. Opposite extreme will die out after several generations.	18
5740193002	Disruptive selection	Occurs when the enviornement favors extreme or unusual traits, while selecting against the common traits. Both extremes are being favored middle trait dies out extremely uncommon	19
5740205219	Sexual selection	The differential mating of males and sometimes females within a population. The female within a species selects a male for mating (example: a female bird choosing a specific male bird because of his courtship ritual, or a female peacock choosing a male peacock because of his colored feathers).	20
5740231183	Artificial selection	A form of directional selection carried out by humans when they sow seeds or breed animals that possess desirable traits.	21
5740290112	Mutations	Provides the raw material for new variation	22
5740301587	Sexual reproduction	creates individuals with new combinations of alleles through crossing over, independent assortment of homologous, or random joining of gametes.	23
5740324001	Diploidy	the presence of two copies of each chromosome in a cell -- most common in plants	24
5740334389	Heterozygote advantage	When the heterozygous condition bears a greater selective advantage than either homozygous condition. As a result, both alleles and all three phenotypes are maintained in the population by selection. (example: someone who is heterozygous for sickle-cell anemia is immune to the disease)	25
5740402820	Genetic Drift	a random increase or decrease of alleles or a species (founder effect and bottleneck)	26
5740407745	Founder effect	when allele frequencies in a group of migrating individuals are, by chance, not the same as that of their population origin. (colonies that move and form their own population)	27
5740417093	Bottleneck	When the population undergoes a dramatic decrease in size due to a natural disaster, plague, or any other random occurrence.	28
5740430895	Inbreeding	occurs when individuals mate with relatives (incest)	29
5740440474	Allopatric Speciation	When a population is divided by a geographic barrier so that interbreeding between the two resulting populations is prevented. Common barriers are mountains and rivers.	30
5740456667	Sympatric Speciation	the formation of a new species without the presence of a geographic barrier through balanced polymorphism, polyploidy (inheriting more than enough genes), and hybridization (an area between two species' habitats where they mate and live).	31
5740496330	Hybrid	when two species reproduce that do not have enough matching genetics to create an offspring that is fertile (example: a donkey and a horse create a mule, but they are typically infertile)	32
5740504305	Habitat isolation	when species do not encounter one another because of their environment and where they live	33
5740509857	Temporal isolation	when a species mate or flower during different seasons of the year or times of day	34
5740524314	Behavioral isolation	when a species does not recognize another species as a mating partner because it does not perform the correct courtship rituals, display the proper visual signals, sing the correct mating songs, or release the proper scents for mating.	35
5740545248	Mechanical isolation	when male and female genitalia are structurally incompatible or when flower structures select for different pollinators	36
5740558181	Reproductive isolatoin	when the male cannot fertilize a female because the male gametes die within the female, during fertilization, or cannot enter the female gametes	37
5740581242	Phyletic gradualism	the argument that evolution occurs slowly over an extended period of time that could last centuries	38
5740587801	Punctuated equilibrium	the argument that evolution occurs all at once and is "punctuated" This is the more common from of evolution	39
5740639471	Translocation	Trans = movement/change changing of the location of a chromosome to another chromosome	40
5740646864	Inversion	When a sequence of chromosomes break off and then flip -- leads to infertility	41
5740651131	Duplication	a duplicated gene	42
5740653537	Deletion	The removal of a gene in its entirety	43