AP Bio - Genetics Flashcards

5979418599	Apoptosis	Programmed cell death to remove cells that have become harmful to the organism or are no longer needed.	0
5979443438	Allele	One of two or more alternative states of a gene.	1
5979443439	Bacteriophage	A virus that infects bacterial cells	2
5979461386	Chromatid	One of the two daughter strands of a duplicated chromosome; held together by a centromere	3
5979461387	Cytokinesis	Division of the cytoplasm of a cell after nuclear division; last part of the cell cycle.	4
5979461388	Crossing over	During meiosis I, an exchange of pieces of genetic material between homologous chromosomes; causes genetic recombination	5
5979461389	Codominance	When two or more alleles are equally represented in a heterozygote; example AB blood type.	6
5979467530	Codon	Three consecutive nucleotides that code for a specific amino acid	7
5979467531	Conjugation	Transfer of DNA from one unicellular organism to another	8
5979467532	CRISPR	A segment of bacterial DNA containing repeating nucleotide sequences that can be used in genetic engineering to alter an organism's DNA	9
5979571963	Diploid	Having two sets of chromosomes (2n); characteristic of non-gamete cells	10
5979571964	DNA Polymerase	Enzymes that synthesize DNA; only synthesize in the 5' to 3' direction	11
5979789065	DNA methylation	Addition of a methyl group (CH3) to the DNA strand resulting in a change in gene expression	12
5979571965	Epigenetics	The study of changes in an organism caused by gene expression rather than changes to the genetic code	13
5979573580	Epistasis	Interaction in which one gene modifies the phenotype of another.	14
5979573581	Frameshift Mutation	A mutation in which a nucleotide is added or deleted from DNA, creating a downstreaming effect on other codons.	15
5979624593	Gamete	A haploid reproductive cell (sperm/egg)	16
5979624594	Genotype	The genetic constitution that causes a trait or set of traits	17
5979624595	Gel Electrophoresis	A laboratory method that separates DNA, RNA, or proteins based on molecular size; used to show genetic relationships between organisms	18
5979628523	Haploid	Having only one set of chromosomes (n); such as in sex cells	19
5979628524	Heterozygous	Having two different alleles of the same gene (ex. Tt)	20
5979639261	Homozygous	Having two identical alleles for a given gene (ex. TT or tt)	21
5979681543	Homologous Chromosomes	Two of the same chromosome found in a diploid cell, one being derived from each parent	22
5979784212	Interphase	The period between two mitotic divisions during which the cell grows and DNA replicates	23
5979784213	Incomplete Dominance	When two alleles are expressed to create a phenotype that blends both traits.	24
5979871695	Missense Mutation	A mutation in which one base is substituted, causing a change in one amino acid	25
5979871696	Mitosis	Division of somatic cells to create two identical daughter nuclei	26
5979871697	Meiosis	Division of gametes to create four unique, haploid cells	27
5979873076	Nondisjunction	When sister chromatids fail to separate during meiosis, resulting in cells that have one too many or one too few chromosomes; can cause Down Syndrome	28
5979875410	Nucleotide	The building block of nucleic acids (DNA and RNA); composed of a phosphate, a 5-carbon sugar, and a nitrogen base (A,T,C,or G).	29
5979962087	Okazaki Fragment	A short segment of DNA produced by the discontinuous replication of DNA in the 5' to 3' direction	30
5979962088	Operon	A cluster of genes transcribed together to create a single mRNA molecule	31
5979962089	Operator	A site on DNA that a repressor can bind to to prevent transcription of mRNA	32
5979962090	Phenotype	The physical appearance or functional expression of a trait	33
5979964043	Pleiotropy	When one allele has more than one effect on the production of a phenotype	34
5979964044	Promoter	A DNA sequence that RNA polymerase attaches to in order to begin transcription of a gene	35
5979967590	Point Mutation	A change in one nucleotide in a DNA molecule; can be missense (changes amino acid); nonsense (codes for Stop codon), or silent (no change in amino acid)	36
5979970221	Plasmid	A small circular fragment of bacterial DNA that can self-replicate independent of chromosomal DNA	37
5979973120	Prion	Infectious proteins that cause cell death; cause of Mad Cow disease	38
5979973121	PCR	A process which uses DNA polymerase to create millions of copies of a desired DNA sequence.	39
5980117009	RFLP's	Fragments of DNA with varying lengths that have been cut by restriction enzymes and can be separated by size during gel electrophoresis	40
5980117010	Restriction Enzymes	An enzyme that cuts DNA at a specific sequence of nucleotides	41
5980119679	Recombinant DNA	Fragments of DNA from two different species, spliced together through genetic engineering.	42
5980123104	Regulator Gene	A gene that controls the expression of other genes	43
5980123105	Repressor	A protein that regulates DNA transcription by preventing RNA polymerase from attaching to the operator	44
5980188004	RNA Primer	A short sequence of RNA nucleotides used as the starting point for replication by DNA polymerase	45
5980194060	RNA Polymerase	An enzyme that synthesizes mRNA molecules based on a DNA template	46
5980199088	Retrovirus	A virus containing RNA instead of DNA, and an enzyme (reverse transcriptase), that uses the infected cell's machinery to build DNA	47
5980188005	Somatic Cell	Body cells; any cell of a multicellular organism except for gametes	48
5980188006	Semiconservative Replication	Each parent strand of DNA is paired with a strand of new DNA during replication.	49
5980241763	Transduction	The transfer of genetic material from one organism to another by way of a virus/vector	50
5980241764	Translation	The assembly of a protein from amino acids coded for by mRNA codons	51
5980241765	Transformation	The uptake of DNA from the environment; occurs in some bacterial species	52
5980241766	Transcription	Synthesis of an mRNA molecule based on a DNA template	53
5980244034	Telomere	A specialized region of DNA that caps each end of a chromosome	54