AP Psych--Neuro combined Flashcards

6712312966	sympathetic nervous system	the division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations	0
6712312967	autonomic nervous system	the part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs (such as the heart)	1
6712312968	peripheral nervous system	the sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system to the rest of the body	2
6712312969	central nervous system	the brain and spinal cord	3
6712312970	antagonist	a drug that inhibits the release of a neurotrasmitter	4
6712312971	dendrite	the bushy, branching extensions of a neuron that receive messages and conduct impulses toward the cell body	5
6712312972	soma	cell body	6
6712312973	action potential	a neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon	7
6712312974	myelin sheath	a layer of fatty tissue segmentally encasing the fibers of many neurons; enables vastly greater transmission speed of neural impulses as the impulse hops from one node to the next	8
6712312975	synapse	the junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron	9
6712312976	biological psychologists	a branch of psychology concerned with the links between biology and behavior	10
6712312977	somatic nervous system	the division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body's skeletal muscles (enables voluntary control)	11
6712312978	progesterone	hormone that promotes growth of uterine lining	12
6712312979	estrogen	the main female sex hormone	13
6712312980	threshold	the level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse	14
6712312981	androgens	male sex hormones	15
6712312982	refractory period	the time after a neuron fires during which a stimulus will not evoke a response	16
6712312983	epinephrine/norepinephrine	secreted by the adrenal glands; also known as adrenaline and noradrenaline	17
6712312984	adrenal glands	a pair of endocrine glands located just above the kidneys; secrete epinephrine and norepinephrine	18
6712312985	pituitary gland	the endocrine system's most influential gland. Under the influence of the hypothalamus, the pituitary regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands.	19
6712312986	axon	the extension of a neuron, ending in branching terminal fibers, through which messages pass to other neurons or to muscles or glands	20
6712312987	neuron	a nerve cell; the basic building block of the nervous system	21
6712312988	selective permeability	a property of cells that allows some substances to cross more easily than others	22
6712312989	Franz Gall	invented phrenology, claimed bumps on the skull could reveal our mental abilities and our character traits	23
6712312990	depolarization	sodium rushes into neuron through membrane, potassium ruses out; results in a change in charge	24
6712312991	resting potential	the electrical charge across the cell membrane of a neuron in its resting state (not the number; opposite of action potential)	25
6712312992	node of Ranvier	small gap between myelinated segments where axonal membrane is exposed; increase speed of impulses	26
6712312993	terminal buttons	small knobs at the end of the axon that secrete chemicals called neurotransmitters	27
6712312994	nervous system	the body's speedy, electrochemical communication system, consisting of all the nerve cells of the peripheral and central nervous systems	28
6712312995	endorphins	natural, opiatelike neurotransmitters linked to pain control and to pleasure	29
6712312996	acetylcholine (ACh)	a neurotransmitter that enables learning and memory and also triggers muscle contraction	30
6712312997	reuptake	a neurotransmitter's reabsorption by the sending neuron	31
6712312998	neurotransmitters	chemical messengers that traverse the synaptic gaps between neurons	32
6712312999	-70mV	the charge of a neuron during resting potential	33
6712313000	efferent neurons	neurons that carry outgoing information from the central nervous system to the muscles and glands (motor neurons)	34
6712313001	afferent neurons	neurons that carry incoming information from the sense receptors to the central nervous system (sensory neurons)	35
6712313002	parasympathetic nervous system	the division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving its energy	36
6712313003	hypothalamus	controls the endocrine system	37
6712313004	hormones	chemical messengers, mostly those manufactured by the endocrine glands, that are produced in one tissue and affect another	38
6712313005	endocrine system	the body's "slow" chemical communication system; a set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream	39
6712313006	neural network	interconnected neural cells (practicing an instrument builds these)	40
6712313007	reflex	a simple, automatic, inborn response to a sensory stimulus, such as the knee-jerk response	41
6712313008	interneurons	neurons that make up the spinal cord and the brain	42
6712313009	phrenology	the popular but ill-fated theory that claimed bumps on the skull could reveal our mental abilities and our character traits	43
6712313010	agonist	drugs that mimic the affects of or block the reuptake of a neurotransmitter	44
6712313011	Parkinson's disease/L-dopa	degenerative disease associated with a dopamine deficiency; the drug can be converted to dopamine by breaking the blood-brain barrier	45
6712313012	dopamine	neurotransmitter that influences learning, attention, and emotion (Charlie wrote a song about it)	46
6712313013	serotonin	neurotransmitter that affects mood, hunger, sleep, and arousal	47
6712313014	vesicle	membrane-bounded sac located in the terminal buttons that releases neurotransmitters	48
6712313015	thyroid	endocrine gland that regulates the body's metabolism and calcium balance	49
6712313016	pancreas	organ (associated with the endocrine system) that contains majority of digestive enzymes	50
6712313017	gonads	reproductive glands-male, testes; female, ovaries	51
6712313018	testes	the male gonads, which produce sperm and secrete male sex hormones	52
6712313019	ovaries	the female sex glands that store the ova and produce female sex hormones	53
6712313020	testosterone	the most important male sex hormone	54