AP chapter 2 Flashcards
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| 6048789675 | Matter | -composed of elements -has mass and takes up space | 0 | |
| 6048789676 | Mass | amount of matter in an object | 1 | |
| 6048790493 | Weight | relative mass or quantity of matter | 2 | |
| 6048793180 | Different states of matter | -solid -liquid -gas -plasma -Bose-Einsteins condensates | 3 | |
| 6048793181 | Energy | capacity to do work or put matter into motion -does not have mass -does not take up space | 4 | |
| 6048793523 | Kinetic Energy | energy in action | 5 | |
| 6048794869 | Potential Energy | stored energy | 6 | |
| 6048796276 | Forms of energy | -chemical -electrical -mechanical -radiant/ eclectromagnetic | 7 | |
| 6048797656 | Can one form of energy be converted into another form? | Yes, conversions are inefficient | 8 | |
| 6048798550 | What happens when this conversion takes place | inefficient and energy is lost | 9 | |
| 6048800188 | How is energy in food stored as? | stored as potential energy | 10 | |
| 6048803007 | The nervous system uses _____ _____ called as nerve impulses to transmit messages. | electrical signals | 11 | |
| 6048803358 | Atom | -building blocks, smallest particle in an element | 12 | |
| 6048804866 | Physical and chemical properties of an atom? | observations that can be seen without changing the identity of an element | 13 | |
| 6048805182 | Atomic symbol | -consists of symbol of the element (1/2 letters) -atomic number -mass number | 14 | |
| 6048805917 | Planetary model |  | 15 | |
| 6048805918 | Orbital model |  | 16 | |
| 6048806386 | Protons | -located in nucleus -1 positive charge -1 amu | 17 | |
| 6048806387 | Neutrons | -located in nucleus -no electrical charge -1 amu | 18 | |
| 6048806709 | Electrons | -orbits nucleus -1 negative charge -0 amu - # of electrons= # of protons | 19 | |
| 6048808377 | Where are protons, neutrons, and electrons present in in atom? | -protons and neutrons are in the nucleus -electrons orbit nucleus | 20 | |
| 6048809365 | Atomic Number | number of proteins | 21 | |
| 6048809366 | Mass number | total number of protons and neutrons in a nucleus | 22 | |
| 6048809717 | Isotopes | -atoms of the same element with a different number of neutrons -are often unstable and break down over time releasing energy | 23 | |
| 6048809718 | Atomic weight | average mass of all stable atoms for that element | 24 | |
| 6048810406 | Radioactive isotopes | -isotopes that decompose to more stable forms -can be used for diagnosis -atom | 25 | |
| 6048811567 | Half life period | radioactive substance is the amount of time it takes for half of its atoms to decay | 26 | |
| 6048813181 | Elements | -substances that cannot be broken down into simpler substances | 27 | |
| 6048813182 | Compounds | -2 or more different kinds of atoms bonded together | 28 | |
| 6048813183 | Mixtures | most matter exists as mixtures; 2 or more components that are physically intermixed | 29 | |
| 6048813510 | Solutions | -homogeneous -particles are evenly distributed Ex: salt water | 30 | |
| 6048813511 | Colloids | -emulsion -heterogeneous mixtures -not evenly distributed, large particles ae visible Ex: jello | 31 | |
| 6048813512 | Suspensions | -heterogeneous mixtures -large solute particles that do settle out Ex: sand and water | 32 | |
| 6048814290 | Solvents | substance most present in greatest amount | 33 | |
| 6048815410 | Solute | -substance dissolved in solvent -present in smaller amounts | 34 | |
| 6048816161 | Chemical bonds | -forces that hold together atoms of a molecule or compound -depends on the number of electrons in the outermost valence shell -octet rule | 35 | |
| 6048816552 | Energy shells | -fixed number of electrons in a valence shell -first shell: 2 electrons -second shell: 8 etc.. | 36 | |
| 6048816929 | Rule of 8 | the drive of atoms to completely fill valence shells | 37 | |
| 6048859590 | Different types of chemical bonds | -ionic -covalent -hydrogen | 38 | |
| 6048860454 | Polar molecules | -unequal sharing of electrons -slightly negative side of the molecule, slight positive charge at the other end Ex: water H2O | 39 | |
| 6048860455 | Nonpolar molecules | -equal sharing of electrons -charge balanced among atoms Ex: o=c=o carbon dioxide | 40 | |
| 6048860732 | Dipole | a molecule in which a concentration of positive electric charge is separated from a concentration of negative charge | 41 | |
| 6048860733 | Hydrogen bonds | -form due to the polar covalent bonds of molecules -positive end attracts negative end -weak bond -temporary Ex: water molecules | 42 | |
| 6048861687 | How are hydrogen bonds formed? | the positive end of one molecule attracts the negative end of another | 43 | |
| 6048862853 | What is the significance of hydrogen bonds at cellular level? | responsible for water's unique solvent capabilities | 44 | |
| 6048864018 | Why is water a good solvent? | -high heat capacity -high heat vaporization -universal solvent -reactivity -cushioning -cohesion and surface tension -ice is lighter then water -transparent | 45 | |
| 6048864811 | What properties of water make it in important substance in our body? | -used in all cells, organs and tissues -re-hydrates the body when water is lost when sweating, urination, breathing, and digestion -makes up around 65% of body | 46 | |
| 6048871860 | What are the various patterns of chemical reactions? | exergonic- net release of energy endergonic-net absorpt of energy | 47 | |
| 6048872104 | Synthesis | reaction brings atoms together to form a larger complex molecule -used in anabolic processes A+B= AB | 48 | |
| 6048872331 | Decomposition | reactions breakdown molecule into smaller molecules or atoms -catabolic reactions AB= A+ B | 49 | |
| 6048872332 | Exchange | reactions called displacement involves synthesis and decomposition- bonds are made and broken AB+ CD= AD+ CB | 50 | |
| 6048872568 | Redox | -a process in which one substance or molecule is reduced and another oxidized; oxidation and reduction considered together as complimentary processes. "redox reactions involve electron transfer" | 51 | |
| 6048872569 | Chemical equilibrium | -is the state in which both reactants and products are present in concentrations which have no further tendency to change with time | 52 | |
| 6048872940 | Buffer | -weak acids and bases that donate or accept protons to help resist changes in pH -do not completely dissociate | 53 | |
| 6048874111 | What is the significance of buffer in the human body? | carbonic acid- bicarbonate system or blood | 54 | |
| 6048874346 | Ionic bond | -complete transfer of electrons -separate ions (charged particles) form Ex: Na+ Cl- sodium chloride | 55 | |
| 6048874647 | Covalent bond | -polar or nonpolar | 56 | |
| 6048875940 | What are the factors that influence the rate of chemical reaction? | -temperature -concentration -particle sizes | 57 | |
| 6048876558 | Bio-chemistry | is the study of chemical composition and reactions of living matter -inorganic -organic | 58 | |
| 6048876559 | Organic compounds | -contain carbon, large, covalently bonded -share electrons -carbohydrates -fats -lipids -proteins, nucleic acids | 59 | |
| 6048879629 | Inorganic compounds | - do not contain carbon - -water -salts -acids and bases | 60 | |
| 6048879630 | Salt | -ionic compounds that dissociate into separate ions in water -also known as electrolytes -separate into cations and anions | 61 | |
| 6048880418 | What are the salts commonly found in the human body? | NaCl CaCo3, KCl calcium phosphates | 62 | |
| 6048880419 | Acids | -proton donors, release hydrogen ions (H+) -electrolytes | 63 | |
| 6048880929 | Common acids in the body? | -Acetic acid -Acetylsalicylic acid -Ascorbic acid vitamin C. -Carbonic acid -Hydrochloric acid (HCl): stomach acid. | 64 | |
| 6048881224 | Bases | -proton acceptors, pick up H+ ions in solution -when a base dissolves in solution, it releases hydroxyl ion (OH-) | 65 | |
| 6048881944 | What happens when base dissolves in water? | it releases a hydroxyl ion (OH-) | 66 | |
| 6048882944 | Hydrolysis reaction | monomers are released by adding a water molecule adding OH to one monomer and H to the other | 67 | |
| 6048882945 | Carbohydrates | -sugars and starches -contain C H O -ratio 2:1 Hydrogen and oxygen -3 classes: monosaccaharides, disaccharides, and polysaccahrides | 68 | |
| 6048883281 | Functions of carbohydrates | bodies main source of fuel | 69 | |
| 6048883282 | Lipids | -contain C H O, sometimes P -insouluble in water | 70 | |
| 6048883711 | Classes of lipids | -triglycerides or neutral fats: 3 fatty acids glycerol molecule, saturated and unsaturated -phospholipids: triglycerides, head (polar) and tail (nonpolar) regions -steroids | 71 | |
| 6048883712 | Functions of lipids | steroids: cell membranes, steroid hormones, and vitamin D production, metabolism triglycerides: energy storage, insulation, protection phospholipids: cell membrane structure | 72 | |
| 6048884276 | Proteins | -20/30% cell mass - contains C H O N and sometimes S and P -polymers of amino acids | 73 | |
| 6052537351 | Amino acids | 20 kinds -covalently bonded by peptide bonds -amine and acid group -act as either acid or base | 74 | |
| 6048884277 | Peptide bonds | covalently bond amino acids | 75 | |
| 6048884618 | Structural levels of proteins | primary: linear sequence of amino acid order secondary: how primary amino acids interact with each other- alpha helix (coils) beta pleated sheets (ribbons) tertiary: how secondary structures interact quaternary: how 2 or more polypeptides interact with each other | 76 | |
| 6048884619 | Functional proteins | functional: "globular" -compact, spherical, water soluble and sensitive to environment -tertiary or quaternary Ex: antibodies, hormones, molecular chaperones, and enzymes | 77 | |
| 6052573205 | Structural proteins | "fibrous" -strand like, water in- soluble, and stable -tertiary and quaternary -provide mechanical support and tensile strength Ex: keratin, collagen | 78 | |
| 6048885044 | Protein denaturation | -globular proteins unfold and lose their functional 3-D shape -active sites become deactivated -can be caused by decrease in pH or increased temperature -irreversible i changes are extreme | 79 | |
| 6048886268 | Molecular chaperons | proteins that assist the covalent folding or unfolding and the assembly or disassembly of other macromolecular structures | 80 | |
| 6048886269 | Enzymes | -globular proteins that act as biological catalysts -enzymes are specific -increase speed of chemical reaction -lower the energy needed to initiate a chemical reaction | 81 | |
| 6048886596 | Mechanism of enzyme activites | 1.substrate bind at active site, temporarily forming an enzyme complex 2.the E-S complex undergoes internal rearrangements that form the product 3.the enzyme releases the product of the reaction | 82 | |
| 6048886597 | What are nucleic acids made of? | polymer of nucleotides -made of phosphate sugar back bone, nucleotides, and nitrogen bases | 83 | |
| 6048887015 | Nucleotides | -a compound consisting of a nucleoside linked to a phosphate group. -nucleotides form the basic structural unit of nucleic acids such as DNA. | 84 | |
| 6048887409 | Nitrogen bases | cytosine= C thymine= T adenine= A guanine= G | 85 | |
| 6048887410 | DNA | deoxyribonucleic acid, -a self-replicating material present in nearly all living organisms as the main constituent of chromosomes. -It is the carrier of genetic information- | 86 | |
| 6048888296 | RNA | -ribonucleic acid - a nucleic acid present in all living cells. Its principal role is to act as a messenger carrying instructions from DNA for controlling the synthesis of proteins, although in some viruses RNA rather than DNA carries the genetic information | 87 | |
| 6048888674 | Difference between DNA and RNA? | DNA has nitrogen bases and genetic information RNA generates protein and only a phosphate backbone | 88 | |
| 6048889294 | ATP | -modified nucleotide -creates energy | 89 | |
| 6048889859 | Function of ATP in our bodies? | gives cells energy | 90 | |
| 6048891980 | Hydrogen | H | 91 | |
| 6048891981 | Carbon | C | 92 | |
| 6048892340 | Oxygen | O | 93 | |
| 6048892341 | Nitrogen | N | 94 | |
| 6048892887 | Phosphorous | P | 95 | |
| 6048892888 | Sulfur | S | 96 | |
| 6048893227 | Potassium | K | 97 | |
| 6048893228 | Sodium | Na | 98 | |
| 6048893229 | Iron | Fe | 99 | |
| 6048893614 | Zinc | Zn | 100 | |
| 6048893615 | Calcium | Ca | 101 | |
| 6048893929 | Magnesium | Mg | 102 | |
| 6048893930 | Iodine | I | 103 | |
| 6048893931 | Selenium | Se | 104 | |
| 6048894255 | Manganese | Mn | 105 | |
| 6048894256 | Copper | Cu | 106 | |
| 6048894257 | Chromium | Cr | 107 | |
| 6048894483 | Chlorine | Cl | 108 | |
| 6048894484 | Flourine | F | 109 | |
| 6048894485 | Lead | Pb | 110 |