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AP-Bio Key Words Flashcards

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79620984921st Law of ThermodynamicsEnergy cannot be created or destroyed. In other words, the sum of energy in the universe is constant.0
79621025182nd Law of ThermodynamicsEnergy transfer leads to less organization. That means the universe tends toward disorder.1
7962113661Gibbs Free EnergyA practical way to discuss thermodynamics.2
7962113662Endergonic ReactionsReactions with a negative change in Gibbs; energy is required3
7962117971Exergonic ReactionsReactions with a positive change in Gibbs; energy is given off4
7962124125Activation EnergyEnergy required to reach transition state.5
7962127102Enzyme (Properties)Biological catalysts that speed up reactions.6
7962129860Enzyme (Specificity)Each enzyme catalyzes only one kind of reaction.7
7962135966CofactorsFactors that help enzymes in catalyzing a reaction.8
7962139034DenatureEnzymes that are damaged by heat and/or deprived of their ability to catalyze.9
7962143496Allosteric SitesSites other than the active site in which substances bind to enzymes.10
7962146524Non-Competitive v Competitive InhibitionNon-Competitive: Distorts the enzyme shape so that it cannot function. A substrate still binds, but enzyme will not catalyze. Competitive: Shape of substance fits the active site of an enzyme and blocks substrates from getting in.11
7962149846Allosteric Inhibition12
7962160483Photosynthesis (equation)13
7962164290Cellular Respiration (def)Sugar makes energy.14
7962168145Stroma15
7962168146GranaStacks of Thalakoid Discs16
7962181755Light Dependent Reactions17
7962205442Light Independent Reactions18
7962210515Chlorophyll absorption versus emission spectra19
8051150317Describe the process in the picture.20
8051935763How do enzymes speed up reactions?They lower the activation energy.21
8051952709What are Bioenergetics?The study of the transformation of energy in living organisms.22
8051961967Bioenergetics do what?Breaking chemical bonds in the molecules found in biological organisms.23
8051954104What are the targeted molecules in enzymatic reactions called?Substrates24
8051948131Do enzymes change the energy of the starting or ending point?No25
8052025715After a leaf captures sunlight, where is the energy sent to?P68026
8052041600Why do enzymes need cofactors?27
8052003307What state do reactants have to go into in order to start the reaction with a little energy?Transition State28
8052006851What is the energy required to get to the transition state called?Activation Energy29
8052011044What must be broken before new bonds can be made?Chemical Bonds30
8052022311What is the correct order for DNA replication?1. Helicase, 2. RNA primase, 3. DNA polymerase, 4. Ligase31
8052000506EnthalpyThe measure of energy in thermodynamic system.32
8052038281What fits the active site and can block the substrate from getting in?A competitive Inhibitor.33
8052314813How can a cell control enzymatic activity?A cell can control enzymatic activity by regulating the conditions that influence the shape of the enzyme.34
8051988954What is induced fit?enzymes changing their shape to fit the shape of substrates.35
8065633874What are cofactors and why do enzymes need them?A cofactor is a metallic ion that helps the enzyme catalyze.36
8065701514Enzymes are denatured at a temperature above ______ celsius4237
8052272969What are the three important pigments in the thylakoid?Chlorophyll a, Chlorophyll b, and carotenoids38
8052321743When light energy is used to make ATP, it is called ____________________Photophosphorylation39
8052295899Which wavelengths of light are absorbed by photosystems I and II680 and 700 nanometers40
8052238773What does a noncompetitive inhibitor do to an enzyme?A noncompetitive inhibitor generally distorts the enzyme shape so that it cannot function.41
8065524230What is carbon fixation and where does it occur?CO2 is converted in carbohydrates. It occurs in the stroma.42
8065545293What does the acronym in CAM photosynthesis stand for?Crassulacean Acid Metabolism43
8065555998What is the input and output of Light-dependent reactions?Input is photons and output is ATP44
8065577395What is a mutation?A mutation is an error in the genetic code.45
8065595425How long can mistakes in DNA last for?Forever46
8065603690What causes DNA to be damaged?Chemicals, radiation or a mistake from a DNA or RNA polymerase47
8063925530What is the chemical formula for cellular respiration?C6H12O6+6O2 = 6H20+6CO2+ATP48
8063938115What is aerobic respiration?When ATP is made in presence of oxygen.49
8063973230What is anaerobic respiration?When ATP is made without oxygen.50
8065622780what is the difference between first and second law of thermodynamics?First law of thermodynamics is when energy cannot be created or destroyed and second law is when energy transfer leads to less organization.51
8065627097What is an Okazaki fragment? What does it do?The pieces of nucleotides put into the lagging strand. It allows the RNA primase to smoothly transcribe to complementary sequence.52
8065750669True or false: Post translational regulation marks unnecessary protein for destructionFalse. Many proteins, like enzymes, benefit from being made ahead of time, meaning the cell does not destroy them53
8065874898What happens to an operon with a repressor bound to the operator region?Transcription of the operon will not occur54
8065691823True or false: Post transcriptional regulation marks unnecessary RNA for destructionTrue. RNAi creates a double stranded RNA, stopping the RNA from translating, marking it for destruction55
8065714389What happens in the third position in an anticodonThe third position is said to experience wobble pairing. (things that don't normally bind will pair up)56
8063980249What are the 4 stages of aerobic respiration?1. Glycolysis 2. Formation of acetyl-CoA 3. Krebs cycle 4. Electron Transport Chain57
8065682443What is a group of three nucleotides called?they are called a codon58
8065669652What is translationTranslation is the process of turn an mRNA into a protein59
8065642091Where do light dependent reactions occur?They occur in the grana of chloroplasts60
8065629909Where do the electrons go after leaving photosystem IIthey go to photosystem I61
8065632104What are the three times gene regulation can occur?Pre-transcriptionally, post-transcriptionally, and post-translationally62
8065613269What does topoisomerase do?It cuts and rejoins the helix of DNA63
8065608826The region of bacterial DNA which regulates gene expression is called an _______Operon64
8063998732What are the 2 cofactors and how much ATP do they each have?NADH (produces 3 ATP) and FADH (produces 2 ATP).65
8065754688What happens after after the first cycle in PCR?There are two identical double-stranded DNA molecules.66
8065769256What happens after the second cycle in PCR?The two double-stranded DNA segments will be copied in four.67
8065774147What is this the Krebs Cycle also known as?Citric Acid Cycle68
8065771260What happens during the third position in an anticodon?the third position is said to experience wobble pairing. (things that don't normally bind will pair up)69
8066166242There is also another class of RNA, called __________, or _________. These are small snippets of RNA that are naturally made in the body or intentionally created by humans.interfering RNAs, RNAi70
8065856412The three main types of RNA are:messenger RNA (mRNA), ribosomal RNA (rRNA), and transfer RNA (tRNA)71
8065788508Name the three ways RNA differs from DNA1. RNA is single-stranded 2. The five-carbon sugar in RNA is ribose 3. RNA uses uracil instead of thymine72
8090142988what does ATP means?adenosine triphosphate73
8090205033What process do organisms use to increase energy like breaking down ATP to power endergonic reactionsexergonic proces74
8065723991What is the Polymerase Chain Reaction(PCR)?A technique to make many copies of a specific DNA region in a test tube rather than an organism.75
8090152662what does ADP mean?adenosine diphosphate76
8065834143ChemiosmosisThe pumping of ions and diffusion of ions to create ATP77
8065846720What happens as a result of oxidative phosphorylation?(ETC)Electrons go through "oxidation", ADP is phosphorylated to create ATP.78
8065727031Where does the Krebs Cycle occur?Mitochondrial Matrix79
8065744617What three types of energy are produced in the Krebs Cycle?1 ATP, 3 NADPH, 1 FADH280
8065770850What creates the protein gradient during chemiosmosis?The pumping if hydrogen ions into the inter membrane space.81
8064033312What is another name for the Electron Transport ChainOxidative Phosphorylation82
8079110404What does light reaction produce?Light reaction is used to produce NAPH and ATP.83
8079143730When does photosynthesis occur?Chloroplast contains chlorophyll, then absorbs the light energy that is needed to make photosynthesis.84
8079195569what are the products of photosynthesis?Carbon Dioxide, Water, Glucose and Oxygen.85
8079263967How many groups are in the ribosome?There are three groups.86
8079284841What are the three phases of translation?Initiation, Elongation, and Termination.87
8090169897Are our transcripts monocistronic or polycistronic?Monocistronic88
8090184462What three phases are involved in Transcription?Initiation, Elongation, and Termination.89
8090138127True or False, RNA polymerase doesn't need a primer to transcribe DNA.True90
8155455915NucleotideMakes up DNA; has a 5 carbon sugar, a phosphate, and a nitrogenous base91
8155465860DNADeoxyribose nucleic acid; blueprint of the cell92
8155469710DeoxyribosePentagon shaped sugar in DNA, linked to a phosphate and a nitrogenous base93
8155474599Nitrogenous baseIn DNA: adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine In RNA: adenine, uracil, cytosine, and guanine94
8155487541Phosphodiester bondsBonds between sugars and the phosphates, Sugar-Phosphate Backbone of DNA95
8155492347Double HelixDNA forms into a long twisted ladder, called a double helix96
8155495813Who found the structure of DNA and when?Watson, Crick, and Franklin in 195397
8173291722What is the chemical formula for glycolysis?Glucose + 2 ATP + 2NAD+ - 2 Pyruvic acid + 4 ATP + 2NADH98
8173291723How much ATP does glycolysis make?4 ATP (2NADH, 2 pyruvate molecules)99
8173298240Where in the cell does glycolysis take place?Cytosol100
8173361810Where is pyruvic acid transported t?The mitochondrion101
8173379872What is the process of turning pyruvic acid into acetyl-CoA?Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex102
8173388284What are each pyruvic acid converted to?Acetyl Coenzyme A103
8173403374Gene rearrangements involve what kind of DNA sequence?Deletions, duplications, inversions, and translocations104
8173413969What is frame mutation?a genetic mutation caused by insertions or deletions of a number of nucleotides in a DNA sequence that is not divisible by three.105
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