AP Psychology AP Review Flashcards

10160888960	psychology	the study of behavior and mental processes	0
10160888961	psychology's biggest question	Which is more important in determining behavior, nature or nurture?	1
10160888962	psychology's three levels of analysis	biopsychosocial approach (looks at the biological, psychological, and social-cultural approaches together)	2
10160888963	biological approach	genetics, close-relatives, body functions	3
10160888964	evolutionary approach	species - helped with survival (ancestors)	4
10160888965	psychodynamic approach	(Freud) subconscious, repressed feelings, unfulfilled wishes	5
10160888966	behavioral approach	learning (classical and operant) observed	6
10160888967	cognitive approach	thinking affects behavior	7
10160888968	humanistic approach	becoming a better human (behavior, acceptance)	8
10160888969	social-cultural approach	cultural, family, environment	9
10160888970	two reasons of why experiments are important	hindsight bias + overconfidence	10
10160888971	types of research methods	descriptive, correlational, and experimental	11
10160888972	descriptive methods	case study survey naturalistic observation (DON'T SHOW CAUSE/EFFECT)	12
10160888973	case study	studies one person in depth may not be typical of population	13
10160888974	survey	studies lots of people not in depth	14
10160888975	naturalistic observation	observe + write facts without interference	15
10160888976	correlational method	shows relation, but not cause/effect scatterplots show research	16
10160888977	correlation coefficient	+ 1.0 (both increase) 0 (no correlation - 1.0 (one increases, other decreases)	17
10160888978	experimental method	does show cause and effect	18
10160888979	population	type of people who are going to be used in experiment	19
10160888980	sample	actual people who will be used (randomness reduces bias)	20
10160888981	random assignment	chance selection between experimental and control groups	21
10160888982	control group	not receiving experimental treatment receives placebo	22
10160888983	experimental group	receiving treatment/drug	23
10160888984	independent variable	drug/procedure/treatment	24
10160888985	dependent variable	outcome of using the drug/treatment	25
10160888986	confounding variable	can affect dependent variable beyond experiment's control	26
10160888987	scientific method	theory hypothesis operational definition revision	27
10160888988	theory	general idea being tested	28
10160888989	hypothesis	measurable/specific	29
10160888990	operational definition	procedures that explain components	30
10160888991	mode	appears the most	31
10160888992	mean	average	32
10160888993	median	middle	33
10160888994	range	highest - lowest	34
10160888995	standard deviation	how scores vary around the mean	35
10160888996	central tendency	single score that represents the whole	36
10160888997	bell curve	(natural curve)	37
10160888998	ethics of testing on animals	need to be treated humanly basically similar to humans	38
10160888999	ethics of testing on humans	consent debriefing no unnecessary discomfort/pain confidentiality	39
10160889000	sensory neurons	travel from sensory receptors to brain	40
10160889001	motor neurons	travel from brain to "motor" workings	41
10160889002	interneurons	(in brain and spinal cord) connecting motor and sensory neurons	42
10160889194	neuron		43
10160889003	dendrites	receive messages from other neurons	44
10160889004	myelin sheath	protects the axon	45
10160889005	axon	where charges travel from cell body to axon terminal	46
10160889006	neurotransmitters	chemical messengers	47
10160889007	reuptake	extra neurotransmitters are taken back	48
10160889008	excitatory charge	"Let's do it!"	49
10160889009	inhibitory charge	"Let's not do it!"	50
10160889010	central nervous system	brain and spinal cord	51
10160889011	peripheral nervous system	somatic nervous system autonomic nervous system	52
10160889012	somatic nervous system	voluntary movements	53
10160889013	autonomic nervous system	involuntary movements (sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems)	54
10160889014	sympathetic nervous system	arousing	55
10160889015	parasympathetic nervous system	calming	56
10160889016	neural networks	more connections form with greater use others fall away if not used	57
10160889017	spinal cord	expressway of information bypasses brain when reflexes involved	58
10160889018	endocrine system	slow uses hormones in the blood system	59
10160889019	master gland	pituitary gland	60
10160889020	brainstem	extension of the spinal cord responsible for automatic survival	61
10160889021	reticular formation (if stimulated)	sleeping subject wakes up	62
10160889022	reticular formation (if damaged)	coma	63
10160889023	brainstem (if severed)	still move (without purpose)	64
10160889024	thalamus	sensory switchboard (does not process smell)	65
10160889025	hypothalamus	basic behaviors (hunger, thirst, sex, blood chemistry)	66
10160889026	cerebellum	nonverbal memory, judge time, balance emotions, coordinate movements	67
10160889027	cerebellum (if damaged)	difficulty walking and coordinating	68
10160889028	amygdala	aggression, fear, and memory associated with these emotions	69
10160889029	amygdala (if lesioned)	subject is mellow	70
10160889030	amygdala (if stimulated)	aggressive	71
10160889031	hippocampus	process new memory	72
10160889032	cerebrum	two large hemispheres perceiving, thinking, and processing	73
10160889033	cerebral cortex	only in higher life forms	74
10160889034	association areas	integrate and interpret information	75
10160889035	glial cells	provide nutrients to myelin sheath marks intelligence higher proportion of glial cells to neurons	76
10160889036	frontal lobe	judgement, personality, processing (Phineas Gage accident)	77
10160889037	parietal lobe	math and spatial reasoning	78
10160889038	temporal lobe	audition and recognizing faces	79
10160889039	occipital lobe	vision	80
10160889040	corpus callosum	split in the brain to stop hyper-communication (eliminate epileptic seizures)	81
10160889041	Wernicke's area	interprets auditory and hearing	82
10160889042	Broca's area	speaking words	83
10160889043	plasticity	ability to adapt if damaged	84
10160889044	sensation	what our senses tell us	85
10160889045	bottom-up processing	senses to brain	86
10160889046	perception	what our brain tells us to do with that information	87
10160889047	top-down processing	brain to senses	88
10160889048	inattentional blindness	fail to "gorilla" because attention is elsewhere	89
10160889049	cocktail party effect	even with tons of stimuli, we are able to pick out our name, etc.	90
10160889050	change blindness	giving directions and person is changed and we don't notice	91
10160889051	choice blindness	when defending the choice we make, we fail to notice choice was changed	92
10160889052	absolute threshold	minimum stimulation needed in order to notice 50% of the time	93
10160889053	signal detection theory	we notice what is more important to us (rather hear a baby crying)	94
10160889054	JND (just noticeable difference)	(Weber's law) difference between different stimuli noticed in proportion	95
10160889055	sensory adaptation	tired of noticing (Brain says, "Been there, done that. Next?"	96
10160889056	rods	night time	97
10160889057	cones	color	98
10160889058	parallel processing	notice color, form, depth, movement, etc.	99
10160889059	Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory	3 corresponding color receptors (RGB)	100
10160889060	Hering's opponent-process theory	after image in opposite colors (RG, YB, WB)	101
10160889061	trichromatic + opponent-process	Young-Helmholtz -> color stimuli Hering -> en route to cortex	102
10160889062	frequency we hear most	human voice	103
10160889063	Helmoltz (hearing)	we hear different pitches in different places in basilar membrane (high pitches)	104
10160889064	frequency theory	impulse frequency (low pitches)	105
10160889065	Helmholtz + frequency theory	middle pitches	106
10160889066	Skin feels what?	warmth, cold, pressure, pain	107
10160889067	gate-control theory	small fibers - pain large fibers - other senses	108
10160889068	memory of pain	peaks and ends	109
10160889069	smell	close to memory section (not in thalamus)	110
10160889070	grouping	Gestalt make sense of pieces create a whole	111
10160889071	grouping groups	proximity similarity continuity connectedness closure	112
10160889072	make assumptions of placement	higher - farther smaller - farther blocking - closer, in front	113
10160889073	perception =	mood + motivation	114
10160889074	consciousness	awareness of ourselves and the environment	115
10160889075	circadian rhythm	daily biological clock and regular cycle (sleep and awake)	116
10160889076	circadian rhythm pattern	- activated by light - light sensitive retinal proteins signal brains SCN (suprachiasmatic nucleus) - pineal gland decreases melatonin	117
10160889077	What messes with circadian rhythm?	artificial light	118
10160889078	The whole sleep cycle lasts how long?	90 minutes	119
10160889079	sleep stages	relaxed stage (alpha waves) stage 1 (early sleep) (hallucinations) stage 2 (sleep spindles - bursts of activity) (sleep talk) stage 3 (transition phase) (delta waves) stage 4 (delta waves) (sleepwalk/talk + wet the bed) stage 5 (REM) (sensory-rich dreams) (paradoxical sleep)	120
10160889080	purpose of sleep	1. recuperation - repair neurons and allow unused neural connections to wither 2. making memories 3. body growth (children sleep more)	121
10160889081	insomnia	can't sleep	122
10160889082	narcolepsy	fall asleep anywhere at anytime	123
10160889083	sleep apnea	stop breathing in sleep	124
10160889084	night terrors	prevalent in children	125
10160889085	sleepwalking/sleeptalking	hereditary - prevalent in children	126
10160889086	dreaming (3)	1. vivid bizarre intense sensory experiences 2. carry fear/survival issues - vestiges of ancestors' survival ideas 2. replay previous day's experiences/worries	127
10160889087	purpose of dreaming (5 THEORIES)	1. physiological function - develop/preserve neural pathways 2. Freud's wish-fulfillment (manifest/latent content) 3. activation synthesis - make sense of stimulation originating in brain 4. information processing 5. cognitive development - reflective of intelligence	128
10160889088	1. Can hypnosis bring you back in time? 2. Can hypnosis make you do things you wouldn't normally do? 3. Can it alleviate pain? 4. What state are you in during hypnosis? 5. Who is more susceptible?	1. cannot take you back in time 2. cannot make you do things you won't do 3. can alleviate pain 4. fully conscious ((IMAGINATIVE PEOPLE MORE SUSCEPTIBLE))	129
10160889089	depressants	slows neural pathways	130
10160889090	alcohol	((depressant)) disrupts memory formation (REM) lowers inhibition expectancy effect	131
10160889091	barbituates (tranquilizers)	((depressant)) reduce anxiety	132
10160889092	opiates	((depressant)) pleasure reduce anxiety/pain	133
10160889093	stimulants	hypes neural processing	134
10160889094	methamphetamine	((stimulant)) heightens energy euphoria affects dopamine	135
10160889095	caffeine	((stimulant))	136
10160889096	nicotine	((stimulant)) CNS releases neurotransmitters calm anxiety reduce pain affects (nor)epinephrine and dopamine	137
10160889097	cocaine	((stimulant)) euphoria affects dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine	138
10160889098	hallucinogen	excites neural activity	139
10160889099	ecstasy	((hallucinogen)) reuptake is blocked affects dopamine and serotonin	140
10160889100	LSD	((hallucinogen)) affects sensory/emotional "trip" (+/-) affects serotonin	141
10160889101	marijuana	((hallucinogen)) amplify sensory experience disrupts memory formation	142
10160889102	learning	organism changing behavior due to experience (association of events)	143
10160889103	types of learning	classical operant observational	144
10160889104	famous classical psychologists	Pavlov and Watson	145
10160889105	famous operant psychologist	Skinner	146
10160889106	famous observational psychologists	Bandura	147
10160889107	classical conditioning	outside stimulus	148
10160889108	Pavlov's experiment	Step 1: US (food) -> UR (salivation) Step 2: NS (bell) -> US (food) -> UR (salivation) Later... CS (bell) -> CR (salivation)	149
10160889109	Watson's experiment	white rat was given to Little Albert Step 1: US (noise) -> UR (cry) Step 2: NS (rat) -> US (noise) -> UR (cry) Later... CS (rat) -> CR (cry)	150
10160889110	generalization	any small, white fluffy creature will make Albert cry now	151
10160889111	discriminate	any large, white fluffy creature won't make Albert cry	152
10160889112	extinction	stop "treating" with conditioned response	153
10160889113	spontaneous recovery	bring stimulus back after a while	154
10160889114	operant conditioning	control by organism	155
10160889115	Skinner's experiment	operant chamber / Skinner box (lead to shaping)	156
10160889116	shaping	get animal closer to doing what you want them to do	157
10160889117	reinforcers	want to continue behavior (positive reinforcement: give money to do laundry) (negative reinforcement: do to avoid nagging)	158
10160889118	punishments	want to stop behavior (positive reinforcement: smack) (negative reinforcement: take away phone)	159
10160889119	fixed ratio	happens a certain number of times (Starbucks punch card)	160
10160889120	variable ratio	happens an unpredictable number of times (winning the lottery)	161
10160889121	organism must do these (2 times)	fixed ratio and variable ratio	162
10160889122	fixed interval	happens at a certain time (mailman comes to the house at 10:00 AM)	163
10160889123	variable interval	happens at any time (receive texts from friends)	164
10160889124	these things happen regardless (2 times)	fixed interval and variable interval	165
10160889125	Which (fixed/variable) conditions better?	variable	166
10160889126	criticisms of Skinner	doesn't take into account intrinsic motivation	167
10160889127	intrinsic motivation	doing something for yourself, not the reward	168
10160889128	extrinsic motivation	doing something for reward	169
10160889129	Skinner's legacy	use it personally, at school, and at work	170
10160889130	famous observational experiment	Bandura's Bobo doll	171
10160889131	famous observational psychologist	Bandura	172
10160889132	mirror neurons	"feel" what is observed happens in higher order animals	173
10160889133	Bobo doll experiment legacy	violent video games/movies desensitize us see good: do good see evil: do evil	174
10160889134	observational learning	biological behaviors work best	175
10160889135	habituation	get used to it -> stop reacting	176
10160889136	examples for observational learning	lectures and reading	177
10160889137	serotonin involved with memory	speeds the connection between neurons	178
10160889138	LTP	((long-term potentiation)) strengthens potential neural forming (associated with speed)	179
10160889139	CREB	protein that can switch genes on/off with memory and connection of memories	180
10160889140	glutamate involved with memory	neurotransmitter that enhances LTP	181
10160889141	glucose involved with memory	released during strong emotions ((signaling important event to be remembered))	182
10160889142	flashbulb memory	type of memory remembered because it was an important/quick moment	183
10160889143	amygdala (memory)	boosts activity of proteins in memory-forming areas to fight/flight	184
10160889144	cerebellum (memory)	forms and stores implicit memories ((classical conditioning))	185
10160889145	hippocampus (memory)	active during sleep (forming memories) ((information "moves" after 48 hours))	186
10160889146	memory	learning over time contains information that can be retrieved	187
10160889147	processing stages	encoding -> storage -> retrieval	188
10160889148	encoding	information going in	189
10160889149	storage	keeping information in	190
10160889150	retrieval	taking information out	191
10160889151	How long is sensory memory stored?	seconds	192
10160889152	How long is short-term memory stored?	less than a minute	193
10160889153	How many bits of information is stored in short-term memory?	7	194
10160889154	How many chunks of information is stored in short-term memory?	4	195
10160889155	How many seconds of words is stored in short-term memory?	2	196
10160889156	short term memory goes to ______________	working memory	197
10160889157	working memory	make a connection and process information to mean something	198
10160889158	working memory goes to _________________	long-term memory	199
10160889159	How much is stored in long-term memory?	LIMITLESS	200
10160889160	implicit memory	naturally do	201
10160889161	explicit memory	need to explain	202
10160889162	automatic processing	space, time, frequency, well-learned information	203
10160889163	effortful processing	processing that requires effort	204
10160889164	spacing effect	spread out learning over time	205
10160889165	serial position effect	primary/recency effect	206
10160889166	primary effect	remember the first things in a list	207
10160889167	recency effect	remember the last things in a list	208
10160889168	effortful processing (4 things)	1. recency effect 2. spacing effect 3. testing effect 4. serial position effect	209
10160889169	semantic encoding (1) meaning (2) how to	make meaning out of something --- chunk, hierarchy, or connect to you	210
10160889170	if we can't remember a memory...	1. change memory to suit us 2. fill in the blanks with logical story	211
10160889171	misinformation effect	not correct information	212
10160889172	imagination inflation	imagine or visualize something that isn't real	213
10160889173	source amnesia	what is the truth? (is it a dream, story, memory, etc.?)	214
10160889174	priming	association (setting you up)	215
10160889175	context	environment helps with memory	216
10160889176	state-dependency	you may remember something if you go back to the state you were in (go back to high)	217
10160889177	mood-congruency	emotion will bring back similar emotional memories	218
10160889178	forgetting curve	forget after 5 days forget after 5 years	219
10160889179	the forgetting curve was created by	Ebbinghaus	220
10160889180	proactive interference	old information interferes with the new	221
10160889181	retroactive interference	new information interferes with the old	222
10160889182	children can't remember before age __	3	223
10160889183	Loftus	connected to abuse cases/childhood	224
10160889184	prototypes	generalize	225
10160889185	problem-solving (4)	trial + error algorithms heuristic (representative + availability) insight - "AHA!"	226
10160889186	against problem-solving	fixation	227
10160889187	mental set	what has worked in the past	228
10160889188	functional fixedness	only way to do this is with this	229
10160889189	Chomsky (nature or nurture?)	"born with language" (nature)	230
10160889190	Skinner (nature or nurture?)	language is learned (nurture)	231
10160889191	grammar is _________	universal	232
10160889192	phonemes	smallest sound unit	233
10160889193	morphemes	smallest meaning unit	234