AP Language + Composition Flashcards

8638922629	Argument	Convincing readers of the soundness of a particular opinion on a controversial issue using clear thinking and logic. (logic based)	0
8638947929	Persuasion	Utilizes emotional language and dramatic appeals to readers concerns, beliefs and values in order to convince the reader and urge him/her to commit to a course of action. (emotional based)	1
8638979478	Induction	Inference of generalization based on specific evidence; specific to general.	2
8638995221	Deduction	General to specific then back to general. Begin with a premise/assumption, provide evidence or new information, then draw a conclusion.	3
8639021560	Fallacies	A mistaken belief, especially one based on unsound argument.	4
8639041227	Begging the Question (fallacy)	Treating an opinion that is open to question as of it were already proved or disproved.	5
8639055230	Red Herring (fallacy)	Introducing an irrelevant issue intended to distract readers from relevant issue.	6
8639088859	Ad Hominem (fallacy)	Attacking the qualities of the people holding the opposing view rather than the substance of the view itself.	7
8639104317	Bandwagon	Inviting readers to accept a claim because everyone else does.	8
8639121228	Hasty Generalization	Making a claim on the basis of inadequate evidence.	9
8639141491	Sweeping Generalization	Making an insupportable statement; these are often absolute statements involving words such as all always, never, and no one that allow no exceptions; can also be stereotypes.	10
8639163748	Either/or Fallacy	Assuming that a complicated question has only two answers, one good and one bad, both good or both bad.	11
8941288742	Rhetoric	The term describes the principles governing the art of writing effectively, eloquently, and persuasively	12
8941292054	Ethos	The trustworthiness or credibility of the writer or speaker	13
8941294376	Logos	Appeal to logic; the author will persuade using logical reasoning and effective evidence	14
8941304877	Pathos	Appeal to emotion; the author creates an emotional response	15
8941310126	Mood	The prevailing atmosphere of a work--- the effect the author has on the reader	16
8941313437	Tone	The author's attitude towards his/her subject or audience	17
8941317399	Persona	The fictional mask or narrator that tells a story	18
8941322658	Anecdote	A short narrative detailing particulars of an interesting episode or event	19
8941326337	Figurative Language	Writing or speech that is not intended to carry literal meaning and is usually meant to be imaginative and vivid	20
8941329614	Flashback	A narrative technique that allows a writer to present past events during currents events, in order to provide background for the current narration.	21
9022905083	Parallelism	The repetition of syntactic construction successive sentences for rhetorical effect	22
9022922092	Anaphora	The same expression (word or words) repeated at the beginnning of two or more lines, clauses, or sentences.	23
9022929502	Epistrophe	The repetition of a word or words at the end of two or more successive clauses or sentences	24
9022951609	Polysyndeton	When a writer creates a list of items which are all separated by conjunctions.	25
9022936867	Asyndeton	the intentional elimination of conjunctions between the phrases and in the sentence, yet maintain the grammatical accuracy	26
9022959897	Allusion	A direct or indirect reference to something which is presumably commonly know, such as an event, book, myth, place, or work of art.	27
9023004613	Synecdoche	A figure of speech in which part of something is used to represent the whole or, occasionally, the whole is used to represent a part.	28
9023025457	Analogy	A similarity or comparison between two different things or the relationship between them.--- explains the unfamiliar by connecting it to familiar	29
9023044605	Aphorism	A terse statement which expresses a general truth or a moral principle.	30
9023070554	Narration	The telling of a story or an account of an event or series of events	31
9120020140	Diction	The choice of a particular word as opposed to others	32
9120030610	Colloquialism	The use of slang or in-formalities in speech or writing	33
9120047452	Jargon	The specialized language or vocabulary of a particular group or profession	34
9120070684	Connotation	The emotions, values, or images associated with a word	35
9120103866	Denotation	The literal meaning of a word; there are no emotions, values, or images associated with denotative meaning	36
9470244113	Cumulative Sentences (or loose)	The main clause come first but may be followed by details	37
9470244114	Periodic Sentences	Delay the main idea until the end (or introduce the main clause early but postpone its completion until the end)	38
9470244115	Balanced Sentences	Two parallel clauses or phrases are set off against each other like equal weights on a scale	39
9470244116	Interrupted Sentences	Subordinate elements that come in the middle , often set off by dashes	40
9485434238	Simple Sentence	Consists of one independent clause (subject + verb)	41
9485439549	Compound Sentence	Consists of at least two independent clauses	42
9485440574	Complex Sentence	Consists of one independent clause and at least one dependent clause	43
9485442570	Compound-Complex Sentence	Consists of at least two independent clauses and at least one dependent clause	44
9485442571	Declarative Sentence	Makes a statement of fact or possibility Represents most sentences Ends with period	45
9485445995	Interrogative Sentence	Asks a question Ends with a question mark Always rhetorical in academic writings	46
9485447839	Exclamatory Sentence	Expresses a thought with strong emotion Ends with an exclamation mark Use sparingly, particularly in academic writing	47
9485449517	Imperative Sentence	Makes a request or gives a command Can end with either a period or exclamation mark Generally inappropriate in academic writing, due to its use of 2nd person voice (you = understood subject), but can be used to establish tone	48
9603192884	Sarcasm	From the Greek meaning "to tear flesh," sarcasm involves bitter, caustic language that is meant to hurt or ridicule someone or something.	49
9603196030	Satire	A work that targets human vices and follies or social institutions and conventions for reform or ridicule.	50
9603200661	Irony	The contrast between what is stated explicitly and what is really meant, or the difference between what appears to be and what is actually true. verbal irony - when the words literally state the opposite of the writer's (or speaker's) meaning	51
9603207646	Understatement	The ironic minimalizing of fact; understatement presents something as less significant than it is. The effect can frequently be humorous and emphatic.	52
9603209210	Paradox	A seemingly contradictory situation which is actually true."You can't get a job without experience, and you can't get experience without getting a job."	53
9635102420	Euphemism	A more agreeable or less offensive substitute for a generally unpleasant word or concept	54
9635102421	Hyperbole	A figure of speech using deliberate exaggeration or overstatement	55
9635102422	Imagery	The sensory details or figurative language used to describe arouse emotion or represent abstractions	56
9635102423	Pedantic	Words, phrases, or general tone that is overly scholarly, academic, or bookish	57
9635102424	Apostrophe	An address to someone or something that cannot answer	58
9635125335	Idiom	An expression that cannot be understood from the meanings of its separate words but that has a separate meaning of its own Ex: 'kick the bucket'	59
9771114637	Juxtaposition	An act or instance of placing words, phrases, or images close together or side by side, especially for comparison or contrast	60
9771114638	Antithesis	the opposition or contrast of ideas; the direct opposite.	61
9771114639	Meiosis	Understatement, the opposite of exaggeration	62
9771114640	Litotes	A type of meiosis in which the writer uses a statement in the negative to create the effect	63
9863964835	Oxymoron	A figure of speech wherin the quthor groups apparently contradictory terms to suggest a paradox	64
9863977370	Anastrophe	the inversion of the usual order of words or clauses emphasizes the displaced word or phrase.	65
9863985413	Catalogue	Creating long lists for poetic or rhetorical effect.	66
9863989747	Rhetorical Question	Question not asked for information but for effect.	67
9863994220	Symbolism	the use of symbols (action, person, place, word, or object) to represent ideas or qualities	68