AP Language Chapter 3 Vocabulary Flashcards

11056473741	ad hominem	An argument based on the failings of an adversary rather than on the merits of the case; a logical fallacy that involves a personal attack. Latin for "To the man".	0
11056473742	ad populum	Latin for "to the crowd." A fallacy of logic in which the widespread occurrence of something is assumed to make it true. Bandwagon appeal.	1
11056473743	appeal to false authority	This fallacy occurs when someone who has no expertise to speak on an issue is cited as an authority.	2
11056473744	argument	A process of reasoned inquiry; a persuasive discourse resulting in a coherent and considered movement from a claim to a conclusion.	3
11056473745	assumption	A fact or statement that is taken for granted rather than tested or proved.	4
11056473746	backing	Support or evidence for a claim in an argument.	5
11056473747	begging the question	A fallacy in which a claim is based on evidence or support that is in doubt.	6
11056473748	circular reasoning	A fallacy that occurs when someone tries to prove a point by restating it.	7
11056473749	claim	A statement essentially arguable but used as a primary point to support or prove an argument.	8
11056473750	claim of fact	asserts that something is true or not true.	9
11056473751	claim of policy	proposes a change.	10
11056473752	claim of value	argues that something is good or bad, right or wrong.	11
11056473753	the classical oration	A five-part argument structure used by classical rhetoricians. The five parts are introduction, narration, confirmation, refutation, conclusion.	12
11056473754	introduction (exordium)	Introduces the reader to the subject under discussion.	13
11056473755	narration (narratio)	Provides factual information and background material on the subject at hand or establishes why the subject is a problem that needs addressing.	14
11056473756	confirmation (confirmatio)	Usually the major part of the text, includes the proof needed to make the writer's case.	15
11056473757	refutation (refutatio)	Addresses the counterargument. It is a bridge between the writer's proof and conclusion.	16
11056473758	conclusion (peroratio)	Brings the essay to a satisfying close.	17
11056473759	closed thesis	Statement of the main idea of the argument that also previews the major points the writer intends to make.	18
11056473760	deduction	A logical process whereby one reaches a conclusion by starting with a general principle or universal truth (a major premise) and applying it to a specific case (a minor premise) ; usually demonstrated in the form of a syllogism.	19
11056473761	either/or (false dilemma)	A fallacy in which the speaker presents two extreme options as the only possible choices.	20
11056473762	faulty analogy	A fallacy that occurs when an analogy compares two things that are not comparable.	21
11056473763	first-hand evidence	Evidence based on something the writer knows, whether it's from personal experience, observations, or general knowledge of events.	22
11056473764	hasty generalization	A fallacy that presents a generalization that is either not supported with evidence or is supported with only weak evidence.	23
11056473765	induction	A method of reasoning by which a rhetor collects a number of instances and forms a generalization that is meant to apply to all instances.	24
11056473766	logical fallacy	Potential vulnerabilities or weaknesses in an argument. They often arise from a failure to make a logical connection between the claim and the evidence used to support it.	25
11056473767	open thesis	does not list all the points the writer intends to cover in an essay.	26
11056473768	post hoc ergo propter hoc	This fallacy is Latin for "after which therefore because of which," meaning that it is incorrect to always claim that something is a cause just because it happened earlier. One may loosely summarize this fallacy by saying that correlation does not imply causation.	27
11056473769	qualifier	Words like usually, probably, maybe, in most cases, and most likely that are used to temper claims a bit, making them less absolute.	28
11056473770	quantitative evidence	Includes things that can be measured, cited, counted, or otherwise represented in numbers--for instance, statistics, surveys, polls, and census information.	29
11056473771	rebuttal	refutation; opposing response to an argument	30
11056473772	reservation	An unstated doubt that prevents you from accepting something wholeheartedly.	31
11056473773	Rogerian arguments	Developed by psychiatrist Carl Rogers, these are based on the assumption that fully understanding an opposing position is essential to responding to it persuasively and refuting it in a way that is accommodating rather than alienating.	32
11056473774	second-hand evidence	Evidence that is accessed through research, reading, and investigation. It includes factual and historical information, expert opinion, and quantitative data.	33
11056473775	straw man	A fallacy that occurs when a speaker chooses a deliberately poor or oversimplified example in order to ridicule and refute an idea.	34
11056473776	syllogism	A form of reasoning in which two statements are made and a conclusion is drawn from them; the format of a formal argument that consists of a major premise, a minor premise, and a conclusion.	35
11056473777	Toulmin model	An approach to analyzing and constructing arguments created by British philosphopher Stephen T in his book the Uses of Argument; "Because (evidence as support), therefore (claim), since (warrant or assumption), on account of its waterproof material, unless, of course, there is a hole in it."	36
11056473778	warrant	expresses the assumption necessarily shared by the speaker and the audience.	37