AP Biology Cells Review Flashcards

10932597476	endergonic reaction	reaction where energy is stored in chemical bonds	0
10932597477	exergonic reaction	reaction where energy is released from chemical bonds	1
10932597478	Prokaryotic Cells	Bacteria; no nucleus or organelles	2
10932597479	Eukaryotic cells	complex; have organelles	3
10932597480	Ribosome	2 subunits of rRNA; responsible for protein synthesis	4
10932597481	Golgi Body	Part of the endomembrane system; cis face receives materials, so that they can be modified and packaged; trans face releases vesicles	5
10932597482	Rough ER	aids in protein synthesis by altering the structure of proteins; contains ribosomes	6
10932597483	Smooth ER	site of lipid synthesis; involved in detoxification of cells	7
10932597484	Vacuoles	storage vesicles found within the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells	8
10932597485	Central Vacuole	When filled with water it maintains turgor pressure of plant cells; not found in animal cells	9
10932597486	Chloroplast	site of photosynthesis; only in plant cells; appear green due to the pigment chlorophyll which reflects green light	10
10932597487	mitochondria	found in BOTH plant and animal cells; site of cellular respiration whereby ATP is made	11
10932597488	lysosome	a vesicle that contains digestive enzymes to break down cellular food and/or waste	12
10932597489	nucleus	home of the genetic information (DNA)	13
10932597490	nucleolus	site of ribosome synthesis; found in the center of the nucleus	14
10932597491	chromatin	the form in which DNA is found within the nucleus during the majority of the cell cycle	15
10932597492	nuclear envelope	surrounds the nucleus and contains pores to allow for communication with the rest of the cell, as well as, allowing for ribosomes to exit the nucleolus	16
10932597493	animals, plants, fungi, protista	eukaryotic	17
10932597494	bacteria	prokaryotic	18
10932597495	bacillus (plural: bacilli)	rod shaped bacteria	19
10932597496	coccus (plural: cocci)	round shaped bacteria	20
10932597497	spirillum (spirilla)	spiral shaped bacteria	21
10932597498	cell membrane	found in ALL cell types surrounding the cytoplasm and maintaining selective permeability	22
10932597499	cell wall	Found in plant, fungal, bacterial, and some prostist cells; rigid wall for protection and shape; regulates the cell's volume	23
10932597500	turgor pressure	exerted onto the cell wall in order to maintain rigid, upright, and erect plant cells and leaves (maximizing photosynthesis)	24
10932597501	photosynthesis	uses sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide into glucose and oxygen (which is given off as a byproduct)	25
10932597502	cellular respiration	conversion of glucose into ATP, water, and CO2; occurs in the mitochondria	26
10932597503	cytoskeleton	composed of protein filaments and microtubules that extend throughout the cytoplasm and allow for cellular movement and structure	27
10932597504	centrioles	small structures composed of microtubules that organize the cytoskeleton during cell division	28
10932597505	flagella	long whip-like tails that allow for cell movement; found in sperm cells	29
10932597506	cilia	short hair-like extensions of the cell membrane that wave back and forth allowing for cell movement; found within cells of the respiratory system	30
10932597507	pseudopodia	"false-feet;" extensions of the cytoplasm that move the cell membrane allowing for slow movement of cells; found in amoeba (protists)	31
10932597508	catabolic reactions	chemical reaction whereby large molecules are broken down (ex: glycogen converted into many glucose monosaccharides)	32
10932597509	anabolic reactions	chemical reaction whereby small molecules come together (as water is removed) to build large molecules (ex: amino acids coming together to create a protein)	33
10932597510	Gibbs Free Energy	Available energy to use for chemical reactions	34
10932597511	enthalpy	the total energy within a system	35
10932597512	entropy	a measure of the disorder within a system	36
10932597513	high entropy	A great amount of disorder; low available energy as it has been released from chemical bonds	37
10932597514	low entropy	a large amount of stored energy; an anabolic reaction has occurred	38
10932597515	osmosis	movement of water from high to low concentration through aquaporins	39
10932597516	diffusion	movement of solutes from high to low concentration across the phospholipid bilayer	40
10932597517	facilitated diffusion	movement of large and/or polar solutes from high to low concentration through a channel or carrier protein within the cell membrane	41
10932597518	carrier protein	allow for specific molecules to bind and cross the cell membrane	42
10932597519	channel protein	a ligand attaches to its binding site, modifying its shape allowing for the diffusion of molecules across the cell membrane	43
10932597520	ligand	chemical signals that begin the process of signal transduction	44
10932597521	amphipathic	molecules containing a polar and non-polar region; example: phospholipids	45
10932597522	phospholipid tails	the non-polar region of the cell membrane	46
10932597523	phospholipid heads	the polar regions of the cell membrane (facing the extracellular and intracellular areas)	47
10932597524	hydrophilic	polar	48
10932597525	hydrophobic	nonpolar	49
10932597526	cytoplasm	gel-like matrix in which organelles are suspended	50
10932597527	organelles	contain their own phospholipid bilayers within the cell	51
10932597528	passive transport	movement of molecules along or with the concentration gradient (high to low)	52
10932597529	active transport	movement of molecules against the concentration gradient (low to high)	53
10932597530	endocytosis	a vesicle forms along the cell membrane and pinches off within the cell - allowing for substances to enter	54
10932597531	phagocytosis	large, solid molecules brought into the cell via cell membrane pockets (called vesicles)	55
10932597532	pinocytosis	small, liquid molecules brought into the cell via cell membrane pockets (called vesicles)	56
10932597533	receptor-mediated endocytosis	receptors along the surface of the cell membrane allow for the binding of specific molecules, then causing a vesicle to form around them, bringing them into the cell	57
10932597534	protein kinase receptors	ligand binding causes a change in shape of the receptor protein, causing its catalytic domain to hydrolyze ATP, and then phosphorylate a target molecule. The target molecule then triggers other molecules within the cell to respond	58
10932597535	Cell signaling pathway	ligand binding(Reception) - stimulation of receptor(Transduction) - cellular response	59
10932597536	Ion channels	allow movement of charged molecules to diffuse across the cell membrane following the binding of a ligand	60
10932597537	ATP	Adenosine triphosphate	61
10932597538	isotonic environment	solute concentrations inside and out of the cell are equal	62
10932597539	hypertonic environment	solute concentration outside of the cell is higher than inside the cell	63
10932597540	hypotonic environment	solute concentration outside of the cell is lower than inside the cell	64
10932597541	result of a hypotonic environment	cytolysis (splitting of a cell)	65
10932597542	result of a hypertonic environment	plasmolysis (release of cytoplasm; cell shrinking)	66
10932597543	equilibrium	concentrations of water inside and outside of cell are equal	67
10932597544	effect of a cell being in equilibrium	water flows into and out of the cell in equal amounts	68
10932597545	peripheral proteins involved in cellular recognition	glycoproteins	69
10932597546	cholesterol	a lipid that helps to maintain the fluidity of the cell membrane	70
10932597556	hypertonic		71
10932597557	hypotonic		72
10932597558	isotonic		73
10932597547	responsible for turgor pressure	hypotonic environment	74
10932597548	#2 in the picture	gap junctions; tunnels that allow for the transport of molecules between adjacent cells	75
10932597549	tight junctions	allow for NO transport of molecules between adjacent cells	76
10932597550	#3 in the picture	desmosomes; anchor adjacent cells together in order to create tissue	77
10932597551	plasmodesmata	cytoplasmic channels that allow for movement of molecules between adjacent PLANT cells	78
10932597552	autocrine signals	signals that only affect the cell from which it was released	79
10932597553	juxtacrine signals	affect cells in direct contact with one another; occurring only over short distances; important during embryonic development	80
10932597554	paracrine signals	affect cells nearby; involved in the inflammatory response (ex. when you cut or smash your finger it gets red, due to increased blood flow to the area)	81