AP World History - Unit 4 (Ch. 19-20) Flashcards

11873542792	Ulama	Scholars and experts in Islamic law.	0
11873542793	Kangxi	One of China's longest reigning emperors, presided over a period of stability and expansion in China.	1
11873542794	Shariah Law	A system of Islamic jurisprudence that deals with all aspects of life, such as criminal justice, marital laws, and issues of inheritance, to name but a few.	2
11873542795	Tibet	The mountainous land north of India.	3
11873542796	Harem	A residence where a man's wives and concubines lived.	4
11873542797	Emperor Qianlong	Sixth emperor of the Qing dynasty. A poet, who was knowledgeable in art and calligraphy. He limited trading privileges to the European powers by confining them to Guangzhou (also known as Canton).	5
11873542798	Taj Mahal	Built by Shah Jahan as a tomb for his wife. Located in India.	6
11873542799	White Lotus Rebellion	During the later part of Qianlong's reign, the traditionally efficient Chinese bureaucracy became corrupt, levying high taxes on the people. In response to these high taxes and a desire to restore the Ming Dynasty, a group of peasants organized this rebellion (1796-1804). The Qing government suppressed the uprising brutally, killing around 100,000.	7
11873542800	Gunpowder Empires	Muslim empires of the Ottomans, Safavids, and the Mughals that employed cannonry (cannon and artillery) and gunpowder to advance their military causes.	8
11873542801	Oda Nobunaga	First of the powerful Japanese Daimyo. Armed with muskets purchased from Portuguese trades, him and his samurai took over Kyoto in 1568. He then began to extend his power, forcing daimyo in the lands around Kyoto to submit. He had unified about one-third of what is today Japan when he was assassinated in 1582.	9
11873542802	Tamerlane	a Mongol-Turkic ruler of the late fourteenth century, set the stage for the rise of the Turkic empires. Leading an army partly composed of nomadic invaders from the broad steppes of Eurasia, moved out from the trading city of Samarkand (in modern day Uzbekistan) to make ruthless conquests in Persia (modern-day Iran) and India.	10
11873542803	Toyotomi Hideyoshi	Successor to Oda Nobunaga, continued expanding the territory until most of what we now know as Japan was under his control. After his death in 1598, the center of power shifted to the city of Edo (Tokyo), controlled by the daimyo Tokugawa Ieyasu (ruled 1600-1616), who was declared shogun in 1603.	11
11873542804	Samarkand	During the rule of Timur Lane was the most influential capital city, a wealthy trading center known for decorated mosques and tombs.	12
11873542805	Tokugawa Shogunate	Set about reorganizing the governance of Japan in order to centralize control over what was essentially a feudal system. Japan was divided into 250 hans each of which was controlled by a daimyo who had his own army and was fairly independent. However, they required that daimyo maintain residences both in their home territory and also in the capital; if the daimyo himself was visiting his home territory, his family had to stay in Tokyo, essentially as hostages. This kept the daimyo under control of the shogunate, reducing them to landowners who managed the hans, rather than independent leaders.	13
11873542806	Ottoman Empire	Was the largest and most enduring of the great Islamic empires of it's time. Founded by the Osman Dynasty in the 1300s, the empire lasted until its defeat in 1918 by the Allies in World War I. Thus, a single dynasty controlled the empire for over 600 years.	14
11873542807	Hans	Approximately 250 domains into which Japan was divided under the Tokugawa Shogunate.	15
11873542808	Mehmed II	Also known as "the Conqueror," he firmly established the empires capital after his forces besieged Constantinople (once the center of the Byzantine Empire) in 1453.	16
11873542809	Hermit Kingdom	Except for its close links with China, Korea largely remained isolated from the rest of the world earning this title.	17
11873542810	Topkapi Palace	The royal residence of the sultans which began construction during the reign of Mehmed II.	18
11873542811	Daimyo	Japan's feudal large landowners, landowning aristocrats. Reported to the Shogun.	19
11873542812	Suleiman	Ottoman sultan who brought the Ottoman Empire to its peak (ruled 1520-1566). His armies overran Hungary in in 1526 and, by 1529, were hammering at the gates of Vienna, the main city in Austria.	20
11873542813	Viziers	Strong advisers to Ottoman Sultans who came to occupy influential positions in government in the Ottoman Empire.	21
11873542814	Battle of Lepanto	After Suleiman's death, a European force made up of mostly of Spaniards and Venetians defeated the ottomans in a great naval conflict.	22
11873542815	Safavids	This dynasty was one of the most significant ruling dynasties of Iran, often considered the beginning of modern Iranian history. The shahs ruled over this Gunpowder Empire.	23
11873542816	Ismail	An early Safavid military hero who's ethnic background is much disputed, conquered most of Persia and pushed into Iraq.	24
11873542817	Shah	Safavid equivalent to king or emperor.	25
11873542818	Shah Abbas	Also known as Abbas the Great (ruled 1587-1627) presided over the Safavid Empire at its height. His troops, which were conscripted in ways similar to the recruitment of the Janissaries in the Ottoman empire, included soldiers from as far northwest as Georgia in Russia.	26
11873542819	Isfahan	Capital of the Safavid Empire.	27
11873542820	Akbar	Babur's grandson who brought Mughal rule to most of India. He practiced religious tolerance. For the first 40 years of his rule, he defeated Hindu armies and extended his empire southward and westward.	28
11873542821	Babur	A descendant of Tamerlane, founded a 300-year dynasty in the 1520s, during a time when India was in disarray. He completed conquests in northern India and, under the new Mughal name, formed a central government similar to those of Suleiman in Turkey and Ivan the Terrible in Russia.	29
11873542822	Shah Jahan	Mughal ruler (1627-1658) who built the Taj Mahal as a tomb for his wife.	30
11873542823	Aurangzeb	Shah Jahan's son and successor (ruled 1658-1707), inherited an empire weakened by corruption and the failure to keep up with the military innovations of external enemies. Nevertheless he hoped to increase the size of the empire and bring all of India under Muslim rule.	31
11873542824	Barbary Pirates	Plundering pirates off the Mediterranean coast of Africa; President Thomas Jefferson's refusal to pay them tribute to protect American ships sparked an undeclared naval war with North African nations.	32
11873542825	Grand Bazaar	A giant complex of buildings that is a reminder of Istanbul's commercial hub and has over 5,000 shops.	33
11873542826	Devshirme	Ottoman policy of taking boys from Christian peoples to be trained as Muslim soldiers.	34
11873542827	Janissaries	Infantry, originally of slave origin, armed with firearms and constituting the elite of the Ottoman army from the fifteenth century until the corps was abolished in 1826.	35
11873542828	Jesuits	Also known as the Society of Jesus; founded by Ignatius Loyola (1491-1556) as a teaching and missionary order to resist the spread of Protestantism.	36
11873542829	Haiku	A Japanese form of poetry, consisting of three un-rhymed lines of five, seven, and five syllables.	37
11873542830	Kabuki Theater	A popular form of Japanese drama that brings together dialogue, dance, and music to tell stories. The actors wear colorful costumes and dramatic makeup.	38
11873542831	Guangzhou	A coastal city in southeastern China, also known as Canton. The Qing Dynasty sold limited trading privileges to the European powers here.	39
11873542832	Proto-Industrial	Meaning that although some industry existed, the vast majority of people still worked on farms.	40
11873542833	Qing Dynasty	The last imperial dynasty of China (1644-1912) which was overthrown by revolutionaries. Also known for its extreme isolationism.	41
11873542834	Forbidden City	Built in the Ming Dynasty, was a stunning monument in Bejing built for Yonglo. All commoners and foreigners were forbidden to enter without special permission. Members of the royal family lived here away from the general population of the Ming Dynasty.	42