Ap Psychology: Thinking and Language Flashcards

9168139371	cognition	the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating	0
9168139372	concept	a mental grouping of similar object. events, ideas or people	1
9168139373	prototype	a mental image or best example of a category. Matching new items to prototype provides a quick and easy method for sorting items into categories (as when comparing feathered creatures to a prototypical bird, such as a robin)	2
9168139374	algorithm	a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem. Contrast with the usually speedier- but also more error-prone- use of heuristic	3
9168139375	heuristic	a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error-prone than algorithms	4
9168139376	insight	a sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem; it contrasts with strategy-based solutions	5
9168139377	confirmation bias	a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore the sort contradictory evidence	6
9168139378	fixation	the inability to see a problem from a new perspective, by employing a different mental set	7
9168139379	mental set	a tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past	8
9168139380	functional fixedness	the tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions; an impediment to problem solving	9
9168139381	representativeness heuristic	judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead us to ignore other relevant information	10
9168139382	availability heuristic	estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability and memory; if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their vividness), we presume such events are common	11
9168139383	overconfidence	the tendency to be more confident than correct- to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgements	12
9168139384	belief perseverance	clinging to one's initial concept after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited	13
9168139385	intuition	an effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought, as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning	14
9168139386	framing	the way an issue is posed; how an issue is friend can significantly affect decisions and judgments	15
9168139387	language	our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning	16
9168139388	phoneme	in language, the smallest distinctive sound unit	17
9168139389	morpheme	in a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or a part of a word	18
9168139390	grammar	in a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others	19
9168139391	semantics	the set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences in a given language; also, the study of meaning	20
9168139392	syntax	the rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language	21
9168139393	babbling stage	beginning at about 4 months, the stage of speech development in which an infant utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language	22
9168139394	one-word stage	the stage in speech development from about age 1 to 2, during which a child speaks in single words.	23
9168139395	two-word stage	beginning about age 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly two-word sentences	24
9168139396	telegraphic speech	early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram—"go car"—using mostly nouns and verbs.	25
9168139397	aphasia	impairment of language, usually caused by left hemisphere damage either to Broca's area (impairing speaking) or to Wernicke's area (impairing understanding)	26
9168139398	Broca's area	controls language expression- an area of the frontal lobe, usually in the left hemisphere, that directs the muscle movements involved in speech	27
9168139399	Wernicke's area	controls language reception- a brain area involved in language comprehension and expression; usually in the left temporal lobe	28
9168139400	linguistic determinism	Whorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think	29