AP Language & Composition: Fallacies Flashcards

10749144115	Argument against a person	Moves from a condemnation of a person's opinions to a condemnation of a person's character	0
10749149378	Argument by force	Explicit or implicit threat of violence	1
10749163779	Argument to shame	Appeals to reader's sense of personal modesty or collective shame	2
10749165940	Argument to the wallet	Persuade audience to act or dissuade them from acting based on the amount of money that action would cost	3
10749178516	Argument by authority	Instead of exploring the merits of the issue, the speaker glorifies the non-specific reputation of an authority	4
10749195223	Argument by definition	Use as proof unexplained, unsupported definitions which are a type of generalization	5
10749199358	Argument by popularity	Mistakes majority opinion for informed opinion	6
10749207074	Hypothetical argument	Likens the situation under discussion to an imagined scenario in which the details are similar, but the outcome is different	7
10749213519	Implied argument	Rests on principles that are never explicitly stated and whose validity thus can not be examined	8
10749220686	Proof by absence	Assumes that the lack of evidence is itself a kind of proof	9
10749228260	If... then	Artificially limits the possible consequences of an action to one result	10
10749232715	Non sequitur	Refers to a missing link in a chain of reasoning	11
10749244316	Post hoc Fallacy	Error in consequence. Assumes an event happening after the fact occurs because of it	12
10749253742	Slippery Slope	Assumes that a given act or decision will trigger a series of inevitable and progressively more serious consequences	13
10749258664	Begging the Question	Asserting in advance what has yet to be proven	14
10749265429	Circular Reasoning	Repeats the effect in different words and passes it off as the cause	15
10749269322	Irrelevancy	Often true statements that happen to have nothing to do with the issue at hand	16
10749273333	Red Herring	Exercise in misdirection and an effective way of ignoring the real question	17
10749282137	Equivocation	Repeating the same word or phrase using different meanings	18
10749286755	Loaded Terminology	Prejudges issues, events, or individuals by tagging them with an adjective that arouses strong emotion	19
10749298856	Attributing Intent	Rephrase a statement in terms of what you think the writer or speaker means to say rather than what she says	20
10749317769	Decontextualizing	The meaning of an idea always depends upon what is said before or after, taken out of context an expression may be incomplete	21
10749326829	Either... or	Artificially limits one's choices to two. Traps one into binary thinking	22
10749330586	False Analogy	Assumes wrongly that because two people, things, or events are alike in some ways, they must be alike in every way	23
10749339801	Generalization	Assumes that a few examples or even a clear trend proves universal truth	24
10749346717	Oversimplification	Reinterprets an idea in a simplified form, using some of the necessary subtleties and details	25
10749353636	Overstatement	Exaggerates the claims of an argument and goes beyond its evidence	26
10749357510	Statistics	Statistics are not facts, they are interpretations of facts that describe one part of a larger, more complex problem	27
10749391764	Straw Man	Restates an opposing argument as a weak proposition	28