Biology Chapters 8, 9 , 10 Flashcards

12143790839	Why do living things need energy?	to perform actions	0
12143790840	What's the role of ATP?	it is one of the principle chemical compounds that cells use to store and release energy	1
12143790841	What's the difference between ADP and ATP?	ADP has two phosphate groups, and ATP has three phosphate groups	2
12143790842	What is an autotroph?	an organism that makes its own food	3
12143790843	What is a heterotroph?	an organism that gets its food from outside forces	4
12143790844	What is the photosynthesis equation?	6CO2 + 6H2O --> C6H12O6 + 6O2	5
12143790845	What is CO2?	Carbon dioxide	6
12143790846	What is H2O?	Water	7
12143790847	What is C6H12O6?	Glucose	8
12143790848	What is O2?	Oxygen	9
12143790849	What are pigments?	light absorbing molecules that give things color	10
12143790850	What is the role of pigments in the plant cell?	to absorb energy from light	11
12143790851	What is the primary pigment found in plant cells?	Chlorophyll	12
12143790852	How do we see various colors?	the different parts of the light spectrum are reflected back to our eyes if they are not absorbed by an object	13
12143790853	What are the thylakoids?	saclike photosynthetic membranes found in chloroplasts	14
12143790854	What is a granum?	A stack of thylakoids	15
12143790855	What are grana?	multiple stacks of thylakoids	16
12143790856	What is the stroma?	region outside the thylakoid membranes in chloroplasts	17
12143790857	What are the photosystems?	light-collecting units of the chloroplast	18
12143790858	What is the role of electron carriers?	transport high-energy electrons from chlorophyll to other molecules	19
12143790859	What electron carrier is used in photosynthesis?	NADP+	20
12143790860	What are the two major stages of photosynthesis?	Light dependent reactions and Calvin Cycle	21
12143790861	What are light dependent reactions?	reactions that use energy from light to produce ATP and NADPH	22
12143790862	What do light dependent reactions do?	produce oxygen gas and convert ADP and NADP+ into the energy carriers ATP and NADPH	23
12143790863	What is the Calvin Cycle?	light independent reaction	24
12143790864	What happens during the Calvin Cycle?	ATP and NADPH from the light-dependent reactions are used to produce high-energy sugars	25
12143790865	Where do the light dependent reactions occur?	within the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts	26
12143790866	Where does the Calvin Cycle occur?	the stroma of chloroplasts	27
12143790867	What materials come into the chloroplast for light dependent reactions?	light, water	28
12143790868	What are the products from light dependent reactions?	Oxygen, ATP, and NADPH	29
12143790869	What materials move from the light dependent reactions to the Calvin Cycle?	ATP and NADPH	30
12143790870	What materials come into the chloroplast for the Calvin Cycle?	Carbon dioxide	31
12143790871	What are the products of the Calvin Cycle?	high energy sugars	32
12143790872	What materials move from the Calvin Cycle to the light dependent reactions?	ADP and NADP+	33
12143790873	What are three factors that influence the rate of photosynthesis?	water, temperature, and intensity of light	34
12143790874	How does water affect photosynthesis?	a shortage of water can slow or stop photosynthesis	35
12143790875	How does temperature affect photosynthesis?	Temperatures lower than 0 degrees Celsius or higher than 35 degrees Celsius can slow photosynthesis	36
12143790876	How does the intensity of light affect photosynthesis?	increasing light intensity increases the rate of photosynthesis	37
12143790877	What is the cellular respiration equation?	6O2+C6H12O6 --> 6CO2+6H2O+energy	38
12143790878	Where does glycolysis take place?	cytoplasm	39
12143790879	Where does the Krebs Cycle take place?	mitochondria	40
12143790880	Where does the electron transport chain take place?	mitochondria	41
12143790881	What happens during glycolysis?	one molecule of glucose is broken in half, producing two molecules of pyruvic acid, a 3-carbon compound	42
12143790882	What happens during the Krebs Cycle?	pyruvic acid is broken down into carbon dioxide in a series of energy-extracting reactions	43
12143790883	What happens during the electron transport chain?	high-energy electrons from the Krebs cycle are used to convert ADP into ATP	44
12143790884	What materials enter the cytoplasm for glycolysis?	glucose and 2 ATP molecules	45
12143790885	What materials enter the mitochondria for the Krebs Cycle?	pyruvic acid	46
12143790886	What materials enter the mitochondria for the electron transport chain?	high energy electrons from NADH and FADH2	47
12143790887	What are the products of glycolysis?	pyruvic acid	48
12143790888	What are the products of the Krebs Cycle?	carbon dioxide, ATP, and high energy electron carriers	49
12143790889	What are the products of the electron transport chain?	ATP	50
12143790890	What materials move on from glycolysis to the Krebs Cycle?	pyruvic acid	51
12143790891	What materials move on from the Krebs Cycle to the electron transport chain?	high energy electrons	52
12143790892	What are two specific electron carriers used in cell respiration?	NAD+ and FAD	53
12143790893	How much ATP is made in glycolysis?	4 ATP molecules	54
12143790894	How much ATP is made in the Krebs Cycle?	1 molecule	55
12143790895	How much ATP is made in the electron transport chain?	3 molecules	56
12143790896	When does fermentation occur?	when no oxygen is present	57
12143790897	How much ATP is made in fermentation?	2 molecules	58
12143790898	What is alcoholic fermentation?	process used by microorganisms to produce energy	59
12143790899	What is lactic acid fermentation?	process that regenerates NAD+ to allow glycolysis to continue when oxygen is not present	60
12143790900	What organisms use alcoholic fermentation?	yeasts and other microorganisms	61
12143790901	What organisms use lactic acid fermentation?	humans and animals	62
12143790902	what energy producing process occurs primarily when quick energy is needed?	lactic acid fermentation	63
12143790903	What energy producing process occurs primarily when long-tern energy is needed?	cellular respiration	64
12143790904	How do photosynthesis and cellular respiration compare to each other?	their equations are the inverse of each other	65
12143790905	Do cells grow in size?	yes, when preparing to divide	66
12143790906	Is there a limit to how large cells can grow?	yes	67
12143790907	What are the major stages in the cell cycle?	interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis	68
12143790908	What are the three phases of interphase?	G1, S, and G2	69
12143790909	What happens during the G1 phase of interphase?	cells increase in size and synthesize new proteins and organelles	70
12143790910	What happens during the S phase of interphase?	chromosomes are replicated and the synthesis of DNA molecules takes place	71
12143790911	What happens during the G2 phase of interphase?	many of the organelles and molecules required for cell division are produced	72
12143790912	What stage does a cell enter when it stops preparing for division?	G0	73
12143790913	What are the 4 stages of mitosis?	Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase	74
12143790914	What happens during the prophase of mitosis?	The chromosomes condense and become visible and the nucleus disappears	75
12143790915	What happens during the metaphase of mitosis?	the chromosomes line up across the center of the cell	76
12143790916	What happens during the anaphase of mitosis?	the chromosomes split and go to opposite sides of the cell	77
12143790917	What happens during the telophase of mitosis?	the chromosomes being to disperse and a nuclear envelope re-forms around each cluster of chromosomes	78
12143790918	What happens during cytokinesis?	the cytoplasm divides	79
12143790919	How is cytokinesis different between plant and animal cells?	in animal cells, the cytoplasm pinches, but in plant cells, the cell plate form between the divided nuclei	80
12143790920	What regulates the cell cycle?	cyclins and other regulatory proteins located inside and outside the cell	81
12143790921	What is cancer?	disorder in which some of the body's own cells lose the ability to control growth	82
12143790922	What are some causes of cancer?	smoking, alcohol abuse, obesity, lack of exercise	83