AP WORLD Chapter 7 VOCAB Flashcards

7657014388	bedouin	nomadic pastoralists of the arabic peninsula with a culture based on herding camels and goats	0
7657014389	shaykhs	leaders of tribes and clans within bedouin society; usually possessed large herds, several wives, and many children	1
7657014390	mecca	arabian commercial center; dominated by the Quraysh; the home of muhammad and the future center of islam	2
7657014391	medina	town northeast of mecca; asked muhammad to resolve its intergroup differences; muhammad's flight to medina, the hijra, in 622 began the muslim calendar	3
7657014392	umayyad	clan of the quraysh that dominated mecca; later an islamic dynasty	4
7657014393	muhammad	(570-632); prophet of allah; originally a merchant of the quraysh	5
7657014394	khadijah	the wife of muhammad	6
7657014395	ka'ba	revered pre-islamic shrine in mecca; incorporated into muslim worship	7
7657014396	qur'an	the word of god as revealed through muhammad; made into the holy book of islam	8
7657014397	umma	community of the faithful within islam	9
7657014398	zakat	tax for charity obligatory for all muslims	10
7657014399	five pillars	the obligatory religious duties for all muslims; confession of faith, prayer, fasting during ramadan, zakat, and hajj (pilgrimage to mecca)	11
7657014400	caliph	the successor the muhammad as head of the islamic community	12
7657014401	ali	cousin and son-in-law of muhammad; one of the orthodox caliphs; focus for the development of shi'ism	13
7657014402	abu bakr	succeeded muhammad as the first caliph	14
7657014403	ridda	wars following muhammad's death; the defeat of rival prophets and opponents restored the unity of islam	15
7657014404	jihad	islamic holy war	16
7657014405	uthman	third caliph; his assassination set off a civil war within islam between the umayyads and ali	17
7657014406	siffin	battle fought in 657 between ali and the umayyads; led to negotiations that fragmented ali's party	18
7657014407	mu'awiya	first umayyad caliph; his capital was damascus	19
7657014408	copts, nestorians	christian sects of syria and egypt; gave their support to the arabic muslims	20
7657014409	sunnis	followers of the majority interpretation within islam; included the umayyads	21
7657014410	shi'a	followers of ali's interpretation of islam	22
7657014411	karbala	site of the defeat and death of husayn, the son of ali	23
7657014412	mawali	non-arab converts to islam	24
7657014413	jizya	head tax paid by all non-muslims in islamic lands	25
7657014414	dhimmis	"the people of the book," jews, christians; later extended to zoroastrians and hindus	26
7657014415	abbasids	dynasty that succeeded the umayyads in 750; their capital was at baghdad	27
7657014416	hadiths	"traditions" of the prophet muhammad; added to the qur'an, form the essential writings of islam	28
7657014417	battle of the river zab	750; abbasid victory over the umayyads, near the tigris. led to abbasid ascendancy	29
7657014418	baghdad	abbasid capital, close to the old persian capital of ctesiphon	30
7657014419	wazir	chief administrative official under the abbasids	31
7657014420	dhows	arab sailing vessels; equipped with lateen sails; used by arab merchants	32
7657014421	ayan	the wealthy landed elite that emerged under the abbasids	33