AP World History Chapter 27 Flashcards

9446029506	ayan	the wealthy landed elite that emerged in the early decades of Abbasid rule.	0
9446053994	Selim III	Sultan who ruled Ottoman Empire from 1789-1807; aimed at improving administrated efficiency and building a new army and navy; topped by Janissaries.	1
9446053995	Mahmud III	Ottoman sultan; built a private; professional army; fomented revolution of Janissaries and crushed them with private army.	2
9446106818	Tanzimat reforms	Series of reforms in Ottoman empire between 1839-1876; established Western-styled university; state postal system; railways; extensive legal reforms.	3
9446127191	Abdul Hamid	Ottoman sultan who attempted to return to despotic absolutism during reign from 1878-1908; nullified constitution and restricted civil liberties; deposed in coup in 1908.	4
9446130026	Ottoman Society for Union and Progress	Organization of political agitators in opposition to rule of Abdul Hamid; also called "Young Turks", desired to restore 1876 constitution.	5
9446635745	Murad	Head of the coalition of Malmuk rules in Egypt; opposed Napoleonic rulers in Egypt; failure destroyed Malmuk government in Egypt and revealed Muslim vulnerability.	6
9446650193	Muhammad Ali	Won power struggle in Egypt following fall of Malmuks; established mastery in all of Egypt by 1811. Introduced effective army based on Western tactics.	7
9446693545	khedives	Descendants of Muhammad Ali in Egypt after 1867; formal rulers of Egypt despite French and English intervention until overthrown by military coup in 1952.	8
9446713168	Suez Canal	Built across Isthmus of Suez to connect Mediterranean Sea with the Red Sea in 1869; financed by European investors.	9
9446714262	Jamal al-Din al-Afghani	Muslim thinker at the end of the 19th century; stressed need for adoption of Western scientific learning and technology.	10
9446715141	Muhammad Abduh	Disciple of al-Afghani; Muslim thinker at end of 19th century; stressed need for adoption of Western scientific learning and technology.	11
9446716315	Ahmad Arabi	Egyptian military leader who led a revolt against Turkic dominance in the army in 1882, which forced the khedival regime to call in British force for support.	12
9446716316	Khartoum	River town that was administrative center of Egyptian authority in Sudan.	13
9446789518	Muhammad Ahmad	Head of a Sudanic Sufi brotherhood; claimed descent from prophet Muhammad; proclaimed both Egyptians and British as infidels.	14
9446789519	Mahdi	In Sufi belief system, a promised deliverer; also name given to Muhammad Ahmad.	15
9446790342	Khalifa Abdallahi	Successor of Muhammad Ahmad as leader of Mahdists in Sudan; established state in Sudan; defeated by British General Kitchener in 1898.	16
9446798122	Nurhaci	Architect of Manchu unity; created distinctive Manchu banner armies; controlled most of Manchuria.	17
9446798123	banner armies	Eight armies of the Manchu tribes identified by separate flags; created by Nurhaci in in early 17th century, utilized to defeat Ming emperor Qing dynasty.	18
9446798817	Qing	Manchu dynasty that seized control of China in the mid-17th century after the decline of Ming; forced submission of nomadic peoples far to the west.	19
9446801446	Kangxi	Confucian scholar and Manchu emperor of Qing dynasty from 1661-1722; established high degree of Sinification among the Manchus.	20
9446837584	compradors	Wealthy new group of Chinese merchants under the Qing dynasty; specialized in the import-export trade on China's south coast; one of the major links btw. China and the outside world.	21
9446875195	Opium War	Fought between the British and Qing China in 1839; fought to protect British trade in opium; resulted in resounding British victory, opening of Hong Kong as British port of trade.	22
9446875977	Lin Zexu	Distinguished Chinese official charged with stamping out opium trade in southern China; ordered blockade of European trading areas in Canton and confiscation of opium.	23
9446887569	Taiping Rebellion	Broke out in south China in the 1850s and early 1860s; led by Hong Xiuquan, a semi-Christianized prophet; sought to overthrow Qing dynasty and Confucian basis of scholar-gentry.	24
9446887570	Hong Xiuquan	Leader of Taiping rebellion; converted specifically to Chinese form of Christianity; attacked traditional Confucian teachings of Chinese elite.	25
9446888401	Zeng Goufan	One of the ablest scholar-gentry officials in the last half of the 19th century. Advocated the introduction of Western technologies and military reforms. Defender of Qing dynasty.	26
9446888402	self-strengthening movement	Late 19th century movement in China to counter the challenge from the West; led by provincial leaders.	27
9446889013	Cixi	Ultraconservative dowager empress who dominated the last decades of the Qing dynasty; supported Boxer Rebellion in 1898 as means of driving out Westerners.	28
9446889876	Boxer Rebellion	Popular outburst in 1898 aimed at expelling foreigners from China; failed because of intervention of armies of Western powers in China; defeat of Chinese enhanced control by Europeans and provincial officials.	29
9446889877	Sun Yat-sen	Head of Revolutionary Alliance, organization that led 1911 revolt against Qing dynasty in China, briefly elected President in 1911, created Nationalist party of China (Guomindang) in 1919.	30
9446890414	Puyi	Last emperor of China; deposed as emperor while still a small boy in 1912.	31