AP Bio chapter 12 Flashcards
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| 7920669039 | cell division | cell reproduction; process by which a cell divides into two new daughter cells | 0 | |
| 7920669040 | cell cycle | -the life cycle of a cell from the time it's first formed during division of a parent cell until its own division into two daughter cells -it's NOT mitosis, but it LEADS UP to mitosis -makes up 90% of cell division | 1 | |
| 7920669041 | mitosis | breaking down/dividing a cell into 2 identical daughter cells | 2 | |
| 7920901452 | the nucleus | mitosis happens in which part of a cell? | 3 | |
| 7920901453 | cytokinesis | -division of the cytoplasm during cell division (usually follows mitosis) -one cell has become two | 4 | |
| 7920669042 | genome | all the genetic material and information in an organism (think of a huge library) | 5 | |
| 7920669043 | a single chromosome | a PROKARYOTIC genome often consists of __________ (a single/multiple) chromosome(s) | 6 | |
| 7920669044 | multiple chromosomes | a EUKARYOTIC genome often consists of __________ (a single/multiple) chromosomes(s) | 7 | |
| 7920669045 | chromosomes | threadlike structures made of DNA molecules and proteins that contain the genes |  | 8 |
| 7920669046 | chromatin | The complex of DNA and proteins that makes up eukaryotic chromosomes | 9 | |
| 7920669047 | somatic cells (aka autosomes) | -all the cells of your body except your sex cells -46 chromosomes (diploid / 2n) -divide by MITOSIS | 10 | |
| 7920669048 | diploid cells (2n) | another name for somatic cells | 11 | |
| 7920669049 | 46 (23 pairs - one from each parent) | how many chromosomes do somatic/diploid cells have? | 12 | |
| 7920669050 | gametes | -sex cells (egg and sperm) -haploid (23 chromosomes / n) -divide my MEIOSIS | 13 | |
| 7920669051 | haploid cells (n) | another name for gamates | 14 | |
| 7920669052 | duplicated chromosome (each cell must be duplicated before cell division!!) | a chromosome that is composed of two sister chromatids held together in a centromere | 15 | |
| 7920669053 | chromatid | -one of two identical "sister" parts of a duplicated chromosome -each one has 23 chromosomes, and when 2 come together it makes 46 chromosomes |  | 16 |
| 7920669054 | centromere | region of a chromosome where the two sister chromatids attach |  | 17 |
| 7920901454 | gonads | glands related to sexual characteristics and the processes involved in reproduction (ovaries and tested) | 18 | |
| 7920901455 | mitotic (M) phase | -includes both mitosis and cytokinesis -shortest part of the cell cycle -CELL ACTUALLY DIVIDES AND REPLICATES | 19 | |
| 7920901456 | interphase (G2) | -period of the cell cycle between cell divisions -makes up 90% of the cell cycle | 20 | |
| 7920901457 | G1 phase, S phase, G2 phase | Interphase is divided into three phases: _____, _____, and _____. | 21 | |
| 7920901458 | G1 phase (first gap) | - stage of interphase in which cell grows and performs its normal functions -GROWTH | 22 | |
| 7920901459 | S phase (synthesis) | -The synthesis phase of the cell cycle; the portion of interphase during which DNA is replicated. -duplication of the chromosomes -DNA SYNTHESIS | 23 | |
| 7920901460 | G2 phase (second gap) | -stage of interphase in which cell duplicates its cytosol and organelles -PREP FOR DIVISON | 24 | |
| 7920901461 | prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase (PPMAT) | what are the 5 stages of mitosis? | 25 | |
| 7921233364 | prophase | -chromatin fibers condense to produce thick strands of DNA wrapped around proteins (aka CHROMOSOMES) -the centrosomes move away from each other to opposite ends of the cell, leaving behind microtubules | 26 | |
| 7921233365 | prometaphase | -the nuclear envelope disintegrates -each of the two chromatids of each has a kinetochore -some of the microtubules attach to the kinetochores, becoming "kinetochore microtubules" which jerk the chromosomes back and forth to line them up (TUG OF WAR) | 27 | |
| 7921233366 | metaphase | -the longest stage of mitosis -the centrosomes are now at opposite poles the cell -motor proteins move chromosomes into a line along the cell center -the proteins attach to microtubules | 28 | |
| 7921233367 | anaphase | -shortest stage of mitosis -proteins pull the two daughter chromosomes toward opposite ends of the cell -by the end of anaphase, the two ends of the cell have equivalent and complete collections of chromosomes | 29 | |
| 7921321177 | telophase and cytokinesis | TELOPHASE: -two daughter nuclei form in the cell and nuclear envelopes arise from fragments of the parent cell's nuclear envelope -chromosomes turn back into chromatin -a crease forms between the two new cells -mitosis is now complete CYTOKINESIS: -the cell is pinched into two separate and complete cells | 30 | |
| 7920901462 | mitonic spindle | a structure formed by microtubules which helps separate the chromosomes in cell division | 31 | |
| 7921233368 | centrosome | -the assembly of spindle microtubules starts at the ___________ -organizes the cells microtubules | 32 | |
| 7921233370 | kinetochore | proteins associated with DNA at each centromere | 33 | |
| 7921233371 | metaphase plate | Plane midway between the two poles of the cell where chromosomes line up during metaphase. | 34 | |
| 7921233372 | nonkinetochore microtubules | They elongate the cell during anaphase. | 35 | |
| 7921233373 | cleavage | cytokinesis in animal cells | 36 | |
| 7921233374 | cleavage furrow | The area of the cell membrane that pinches in and eventually separates the dividing cell | 37 | |
| 7920901463 | G1 —> S —> G2 —> mitosis —> cytokinesis (then you start over again) | the order of the cell cycle (if cell replication doesn't follow these steps, it results in severe disabilities) | 38 | |
| 7920901464 | alternates | the mitotic phase ________s with interphase | 39 | |
| 7922197150 | cell cycle control system | a cycling set of molecules in the cell that triggers and coordinates key events in the cell cycle | 40 | |
| 7922197151 | checkpoint | A critical control point in the cell cycle where stop and go-ahead signals can regulate the cycle. | 41 | |
| 7922197152 | G1, G2, M | what are the 3 main checkpoints in the cell cycle control system? | 42 | |
| 7922197153 | G1 checkpoint (most important!!) | -"can DNA synthesis begin?" -cell size, growth factors, and environment are checked - GO: complete the whole cell cycle -STOP: cell enters non-dividing state (nerve/muscle cells stay at G0, liver cells called back from G0) -"restriction point" | 43 | |
| 7922197154 | G2 checkpoint | -"has DNA synthesis been completed correctly?" -commitment to mitosis -checks for cell size, DNA replication completion, and DNA mutations | 44 | |
| 7922197155 | M-spindle (metaphase) checkpoint | -"are all chromosomes attached to spindle?" -"can sister chromatids separate correctly?" -checks microtubule attachment to chromosomes at kinetochores | 45 | |
| 7922197156 | G0 phase | -will never divide again -most cells in the human body are in this stage | 46 | |
| 7922197157 | kinases and cyclins | what are the two cell cycle regulatory molecules? | 47 | |
| 7922197158 | kinases | enzymes that activate or inactivate other proteins by phosphorylating them | 48 | |
| 7922197159 | it must be attached to a cyclin | to be active, a kinase must be attached to what? | 49 | |
| 7922197160 | cyclin | a protein that regulates the cell cycle | 50 | |
| 7922197161 | MPF (maturation-promoting factor) | a cyclin and Cdk joined together; triggers a cell's passage from the G2 phase into the M phase | 51 | |
| 7922197163 | density dependent inhibition | when crowded cells stop dividing | 52 | |
| 7922197164 | anchorage dependence | The requirement that a cell must be attached to another cell or ECM in order to divide | 53 | |
| 7922197165 | cancer cells | cells that don't exhibit neither density dependent inhibition nor anchorage dependence | 54 | |
| 7922197166 | cancer | disorder in which body cells lose the ability to control growth | 55 | |
| 7922197167 | apoptosis | programmed cell death/suicide | 56 | |
| 7922197168 | tumor | a mass of abnormal cells | 57 | |
| 7922197169 | benign tumor | mass of cells that remain at their original site (not cancerous) | 58 | |
| 7922197170 | malignant tumor | invasive enough to impair the functions of one or more organs; a cancerous tumor (there are 4 stages) | 59 | |
| 7922197171 | metastasis | the spread of cancer cells beyond their original site | 60 | |
| 7932178210 | chemotherapy | treatment of cancer with drugs; stops many body processes | 61 | |
| 7932178211 | high energy radiation | a cancer treatment option that kills rapidly dividing cells | 62 | |
| 7922375207 | the same | the length of every cell cycle is __________ (different/the same) | 63 | |
| 7922375208 | replication of genetic material, separation if sister chromatids | the two irreversible points in the cell cycle | 64 | |
| 7922375209 | activators and inhibitors | proteins that tell a cell to divide or not to divide | 65 | |
| 7922375210 | proto-oncogenes | normal genes involved in control of cell growth/division (if switched "ON" can cause cancer) | 66 | |
| 7922375211 | tumor suppressor genes | inhibit cell division (if switched "OFF" can cause cancer) | 67 | |
| 7932178212 | UV radiation, chemical exposure, radiation exposure, heat, cigarette smoke, pollution, age, genetics | what are some factors that can trigger cancer? | 68 | |
| 7932441234 | HeLa cells | famous cancer cells from Henrietta Lacks | 69 |