AP World History Final Flashcards

12175816195	paleolithic age	age of use of crude stone tools and hunting and gathering for subsistence	0
12175816196	homo sapiens	the human species that emerfed as most successful at the end of the paleolithic period	1
12175816197	neolithic age	age of use of adaptation of sedentary architecture; domestication of animals and plants	2
12175816198	neolithic revolution	succession of technological innovations and changes in human organization that led to the development of agriculture	3
12175816199	hunting and gathering	means of obtaining subsistence by human species prior to the adaptation of sedentary agriculture	4
12175816200	bronze age	age when bronze tools were first introduced to the middle east	5
12175816201	slash and burn agriculture	a system of cultivation when forest floors cleared by fire are planted	6
12175816202	bands	a group of nomadic hunters consisting of 20 to 30 people	7
12175816204	civilization	societies distinguished by sedentary agriculture, production of food surpluses, existence of non-farming elites	8
12175816205	cuneiform	a form of writing developed by the Sumerians using a wedge-shaped stylus and clay tablets	9
12175816206	nomads	cattle and sheep herding societies normally found on the fringes of civilized societies	10
12175816207	Mesopotamia	the civilizations that arose in the alluvial plain of the Tigris-Euphrates river valleys	11
12175816208	Sumerians	people who migrated into Mesopotamia and organized the first civilization there and and created city-states	12
12175816209	ziggurats	massive towers usually associated with Mesopotamian temple complexes	13
12175816210	city-states	a form of Mesopotamian political organizations consisting of agricultural hinterlands ruled by an urban based kings	14
12175816211	Babylonians	unified all of Mesopotamia; collapsed during foreign invasion	15
12175816212	Hammurabi	the most important ruler of the Babylonian empire; responsible for codification of law	16
12175816213	pharoah	title of kings of ancient Egypt	17
12175816214	pyramids	monumental architecture in Egypt used to bury pharoahs	18
12175816216	Indus River Valley	location of Harappan civilization	19
12175816219	Huanghe (Yellow) River	site of the development of sedentary agriculture in China	20
12175816220	ideographic writing	pictographic characters grouped together to create new concepts	21
12175816221	Shang	first Chinese dynasty	22
12175816222	Phoenicians	seafaring civilization that established colonies throughout the Mediterranean	23
12175816223	mandate of heaven	the divine source for political legitimacy of Chinese rulers	24
12175816224	monotheism	the exclusive worship of a single god	25
12175816225	Daoism	philosophy that stressed need for alignment with Dao or cosmic force	26
12175816226	Qin	dynasty established at the end of the Warring States period after the Zhou dynasty	27
12175816227	Shi Huangdi	founder of the brief Qin dynasty	28
12175816228	Zhou	vassal family of Shang China that overthrew Shang and established second dynasty of China	29
12175816229	Confucius	founded philosophy based on need for restoration of order through advice of superior men to be found among the shi	30
12175816230	Great Wall	Chinese construction meant to keep out nomadic invaders; initiated during the Qin dynasty by Shi Huangdi	31
12175816231	Han	dynasty that ruled after the Qin for 400 years	32
12175816232	Silk Roads	trading route established by pastoral nomads that connected Europe, India, and China and transmitted goods and ideas throughout the civilizations	33
12175816233	Alexander the Great	Successor of Philip II; conquered Persian empire and tried to combine Greek and Persian cultures	34
12175816234	monsoon	seasonal winds crossing India and southeast Asia; brings rains during summer	35
12175816235	Aryan	Indo-European nomadic pastoralists who replaced Harappan civilization; militarized society	36
12175816236	sanskrit	the sacred and classical Indian language	37
12175816237	vedas	aryan hymns written down in sacred books	38
12175816238	untouchables	lowest caste in Indian society who performed undesirable tasks	39
12175816241	Mauryan dynasty	dynasty established in India established after Alexander's invasion	40
12175816242	Ashoka	grandson of Chandragupta Maurya; converted to Buddhism and sponsored its spread throughout the empire	41
12175816243	dharma	the caste position and career determined by a person's birth	42
12175816244	Kushans	dynasty after the Mauryas; sponsors of Buddhism	43
12175816245	Guptas	dynasty after the Kushans; less centralized than the Mauryan empire	44
12175816247	gurus	Brahmans who served as teachers for the princes of the imperial court of Guptas	45
12175816248	Vishnu	the Brahman, later Hindu, god of sacrifice	46
12175816249	Shiva	the Brahman, later Hindu, god destruction and reproduction	47
12175816250	reincarnation	the successive attachment of the soul to some animate form according to merits earned in previous lives	48
12175816251	Buddha	creater of Buddhism; taught that enlightenment could only be achieved by abandoning desires for all earthly things	49
12175816252	nirvana	the Buddhist state of enlightenment	50
12175816254	Cyrus the Great	established massive Persian empire	51
12175816255	zoroastrianism	animist religion that saw material existence as battle between good and evil; stressed moral choice; chief religion of Persian empire	52
12175816256	olympic games	one of the pan-Hellenistic rituals observed by all of Greece; involved athletic competitions and rituals	53
12175816257	Pericles	Athenian political leader that guided the development of Athens during the Peloponnesian wars	54
12175816258	Peloponnesian Wars	wars between Athens and Sparta over dominance of southern Greece; resulted in Spartan victory but did not achieve political unification of Greece	55
12175816259	Philip II of Macedon	founder of centralized kingdom of Macedon; conquered Greece; father of Alexander	56
12175816260	Hellenistic Period	culture associated with Greek influence due to Macedonian conquests; combination of Greek culture with eastern political forms	57
12175816261	Alexandria	Egyptian city founded by Alexander the Great; site of ancient Mediterraneans largest library	58
12175816262	Roman republic	balanced constitution of Rome; featured a senate, magistrates, and other assemblies	59
12175816263	Punic Wars	fought between Rome and Carthage over dominance in western Mediterranean; won by Rome after three separate conflicts	60
12175816264	Carthage	a major port and commercial power in western Mediterranean; fought in Punic Wars against Rome	61
12175816266	Julius Caesar	Roman general responsible for conquest of Gaul; came back to Rome and overthrew republic; assassinated by conservative senators	62
12175816267	Augustus Caesar	first emperor of Rome; defeated Mark Antony and Cleopatra	63
12175816269	Constantine	Roman emperor who established 2nd capital at Constantinople; tried to use Christianity to unify empire	64
12175816270	polis	city-state form of government; typical of Greek political organization	65
12175816271	direct democracy	rule of the people; all decisions came from popular assembly without intervention of elected officials	66
12175816272	senate	assembly of Roman aristocrats; advised on policy within the republic	67
12175816273	consuls	two chief executives/magistrates of the Roman republic; elected by annual assembly dominated by aristocracy	68
12175816275	Aristotle	Greek philosopher; teacher of Alexander; knowledge based on observation of phenomena in material world	69
12175816277	Socrates	Athenian philosopher; tutor of Plato; urged rational reflection of moral decisions	70
12175816278	Plato	Greek philosopher; considered ideal forms outside material world; proposed form of government based on abstract principles	71
12175816284	Ethiopia	Christian kingdom; retained Christianity in the face of Muslim expansion in Africa	72
12175816285	Sahara	desert running across northern Africa that separates the Mediterranean coast from southern Africa	73
12175816286	Shintoism	religion of early Japanese culture; worship of numerous gods and spirits associated with the natural world	74
12175816288	Sui	dynasty after the Han; united northern China and conquered southern China	75
12175816289	Tang	dynasty after and more stable than the Sui	76
12175816292	islam	major world religion from the Arabian peninsula	77
12175816293	Allah	supreme God in strictly monotheistic Islam	78
12175816294	Byzantine empire	eastern half of Roman empire after the collapse of the old western empire; capital at Constantinople	79
12175816295	Justinian	eastern Roman emperor who tried to restore unity of old Roman empire; responsible for the Hagia Sofia	80
12175816296	Augustine	influential church father and theologian born in Africa	81
12175816298	Jesus	prophet and teacher among the Jews; believed by Christians to be the Messiah	82
12175816299	Paul	one of the first Christian missionaries; ignored insistence that the new religion should follow Jewish law	83
12175816300	pope	bishop of Rome; head of the Christian church in western Europe	84
12175816303	Muslims	followers of islam	85
12175816304	Muhammad	the prophet of Islam	86
12175816305	Qu'ran	the holy book of Islam	87
12175816308	Mecca	the holy city of Islam	88
12175816309	Umayyad	clan of quraysh that dominated politics and economy of Mecca; later established a dynasty as the rulers of Islam	89
12175816313	Ali	the son-in-law/cousin of Muhammad; orthodox caliphs; focus for Shi'a	90
12175816314	umma	community of the faithful within Islam	91
12175816316	five pillars	obligatory religious duties for all Muslims	92
12175816317	Ramadan	Islamic holy month; fasting is observed	93
12175816318	hajj	the pilgrimage to Mecca obligatory for all Muslims	94
12175816319	caliph	successors to Muhammad	95
12175816320	abu bakr	one of Muhammad's earliest converts; first caliph of Islamic community	96
12175816322	jihad	Islamic holy war	97
12175816327	sunnis	followers of the Umayyads	98
12175816328	shi'a	followers of Ali	99
12175816335	Abbasids	dynasty that succeeded the Umayyads	100
12175816337	Baghdad	capital of the Abbasid empire	101
12175816344	seljuk turks	nomadic invaders from central Asia; staunch Sunnis	102
12175816345	crusades	series of military adventures launched by western Christians to free Holy Land from Muslims	103
12175816346	Saladin	Muslim leader towards the end of the 12th century	104
12175816347	Ottoman empire	turkic empire established in Asia Minor and eventually extending throughout Middle East	105
12175816351	mongols	central Asian nomadic peoples; killed last Abbasid caliph	106
12175816352	chinggis khan	mongol khagan responsible for conquests of northern China and territories as far west as the Abbasid empire	107
12175816353	Hulegu	grandson of Chinggis Khan; ruler of Ilkhan khanate; captured and destroyed Baghdad	108
12175816372	Sundiata	member of the Keita clan; created the Mali empire	109
12175816373	Ibn Batuta	Arabic traveler who described African societies and cultures in his travel records	110
12175816376	Muhammad the Great	extended the boundaries of the Songhai empire	111
12175816383	Great Zimbabwe	Bantu confederation of Shona-speaking peoples located between Zambezi and Limpopo Rivers	112
12175816387	Bulgaria	Slavic kingdom established in northern portions of the Balkan peninsula; constant source of pressure on Byzantine Empire	113
12175816388	iconoclasm	religions controversy within the Byzantine Empire (emperor tried to suppress veneration of icons)	114
12175816394	Russian orthodoxy	Russian form of Christianity imported from Byzantine Empire	115
12175816398	middle ages	period in western European history from the decline and fall of the Roman empire until the 15th century	116
12175816399	vikings	seagoing Scandinavian raiders who disrupted coastal areas of western Europe	117
12175816400	manorialism	system that described economic/political relations between landlords and their peasant laborers during the middle ages	118
12175816401	serfs	peasant agricultural laborers within the manorial system of the Middle Ages	119
12175816403	three-field system	system of agricultural cultivation by the 9th century in western Europe	120
12175816406	Charles Martel	Carolingian monarch of Franks who defeated Muslims in Battle of Tours and ended Muslim threat to western Europe	121
12175816407	Charlemagne	Carolingian monarch who established substantial empire in France in Germany	122
12175816408	holy Roman emperors	emperors in northern Italy and Germany following split of Charlemagne's empire	123
12175816409	feudalism	social organization created by exchanging grants of land or fiefs in return for formal oaths of allegiances and promises of loyal service	124
12175816410	vassals	members of the military elite who received land or a benefice from a lord in return for military service and loyalty	125
12175816411	William the Conqueror	invaded England from Normandy; extended feudalism to England; established centralized monarchy	126
12175816412	Magna Carta	great charter issued by King John that confirmed feudal rights against monarchial claims	127
12175816413	parliaments	bodies representing privileged groups	128
12175816414	key three estates	church, nobles, and urban leaders	129
12175816415	hundred years' war	conflict between England and France over lands England possessed in France	130
12175816416	Pope Urban II	called the first crusade	131
12175816418	investiture	practice of state appointment of bishops	132
12175816422	scholasticism	use of logic to solve theological problems	133
12175816426	Black Death	plague that struck Europe during Dark Ages that significantly reduced its population and affected social structure	134