AP World History - Period 3 Flashcards

The Post-Classical World, 500-1450

12013487157	Mecca	Arabian commercial center; dominated by the Quraysh; the home of Muhammad and the future center of Islam	0
12013487158	Medina	town northeast of Mecca; asked Muhammad to resolve its intergroup differences; Muhammad's flight to Medina, the hijra, in 622 began the Muslim calendar	1
12013487159	Umayyad	clan of the Quraysh that dominated Mecca; later an Islamic dynasty	2
12013487160	Muhammad	(570-632); prophet of Allah; originally a merchant of the Quraysh	3
12013487161	Qur'an	the word of god as revealed through Muhammad; made into the holy book of Islam	4
12013487162	Umma	community of the faithful within Islam	5
12013487163	Five Pillars	the obligatory religious duties for all Muslims; confession of faith, prayer, fasting during Ramadan, zakat, and hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca)	6
12013487164	Caliph	the successor to Muhammad as head of the Islamic community	7
12013487165	Ali	cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad; one of the orthodox caliphs; focus for the development of shi'ism	8
12013487166	Abu Bakr	succeeded Muhammad as the first caliph	9
12013487167	Jihad	Islamic holy war	10
12013487168	Sunnis	followers of the majority interpretation within Islam; included the Umayyads	11
12013487169	Shi'a	followers of Ali's interpretation of Islam	12
12013487172	Abbasids	dynasty that succeeded the Umayyads in 750; their capital was at Baghdad	13
12013487176	Seljuk Turks	nomadic invaders from central Asia; staunch Sunnis; ruled from the 11th c. in the name of the Abbasids	14
12013487177	Crusades	invasions of western Christians into Muslim lands, especially Palestine; captured Jerusalem and established Christian kingdoms enduring until 1291	15
12013487180	Mongols	central Asian nomadic peoples; captured Baghdad in 1258 and killed the last Abbasid caliph	16
12013487181	Chinggis Khan	(1162-1227); Mongol ruler; defeated the Turkish Persian kingdoms	17
12013487188	Ibn Battuta	Arab traveler throughout the Muslim world	18
12013487195	Iconoclasm	the breaking of images; religious controversy of the 8th c; Byzantine emperor attempted, but failed, to suppress icon veneration	19
12013487201	Russian Orthodoxy	Russian form of Christianity brought from Byzantine Empire	20
12013487202	Tatars	Mongols who conquered Russian cities during the 13th c; left Russian church and aristocracy intact	21
12013487203	Middle Ages	the period in western European history between the fall of Roman Empire and the 15th c	22
12013487207	Serfs	peasant agricultural laborers within the manorial system	23
12013487227	Black Death	bubonic plague that struck Europe in the 14th c; significantly reduced Europe's population; affected social structure; decimated populations in Asia	24
12013487232	Southern Song	smaller surviving dynasty (1127-1279); presided over one of the greatest cultural reigns in world history. Fell to the Mongols in 1276 and eventually taken over in 1279.	25
12013487236	Footbinding	male imposed practice to mutilate women's feet in order to reduce size; produced pain and restricted movement; helped to confine women to the household; seen a beautiful to the elite.	26
12013487240	Samurai	mounted troops of the bushi; loyal to local lords, not the emperor	27
12013487241	Seppuku	ritual suicide in Japan; also known as hari-kiri; demonstrated courage and was a means to restore family honor	28
12013487252	Shamanistic religion	Mongol beliefs focused on nature spirits	29
12013487253	Batu	grandson of Chinggis Khan and ruler of Golden Horde; invaded Russian in 1236	30
12013487254	Golden Horde	one of four regional subdivisions of the Mongol Empire after death of Chinggis Khan; conquered and ruled Russua during the 13th and 14th c	31
12013487255	Ilkhan khanate	one of four regional subdivisions of the Mongol empire after the death of Chinggis Khan; eventually included much of Abbasid empire	32
12013487256	Hulegu	grandson of Chinggis Khan and rule of Ilkhan khanate; captured and destroyed Abbasid Baghdad	33
12013487257	Mamluks	Muslim slave warriors; established dynasty in Egypt; led by Baibars defeated Mongols in 1260	34
12013487258	Kubilai Khan	grandson of Chinggis Khan; conquered China; established Yuan dynasty in 1271	35
12013487259	White Lotus Society	secret religious society dedicated to overthrow of Yuan dynasty	36
12013487260	Ottoman Empire	Turkish empire established in Asia Minor and eventually extending through the Middle East and the Balkans; conquered Constantinople in 1453 and ended Byzantine Empire	37
12013487261	Ming Dynasty	replaced Mongal Yuan dynasty in China in 1368; lasted until 1644; initially mounted large trade expeditions to southern Asia and Africa; later concentrated on internal development within China	38
12013487277	Silk Road Trade system		39
12013487278	Kingdom of Mali		40
12013487265	Important continuity in social structure of states and empires 600-1450	land holding aristocracies, patriarchies, peasant systems still in place	41
12013487266	Champa Rice	tributary gift from Vietnam to China, led to population increase	42
12013487267	Diasporic communities	merchant communities that introduced their own cultures into other areas	43
12013487268	Trans Saharan trade	Dominated my Muslims in 13th century after rise of Islamic caliphates..	44
12013487269	Effect of Muslim conquests	collapse of other empires, mass conversion	45
12013487270	Tang Dynasty	followed Sui, established tributary states in Vietnam and Korea, influence Japan, Established strong Buddhist and Confucian presence	46
12013487279	Indian Ocean Maritime Trade		47
12013487274	New forms of monetization	Checks, Bills of Exchange	48
12013487280	Bantu Migrations		49
12013487275	footbinding	began during Tang/Song era, demonstrates objectification and oppression of women, abolished during Yuan and brought back during Ming	50
12013487276	Marco Polo	traveler/merchant from Europe who spend 17 years at court of Kublai Khan	51
12013717217	Feudalism	A political system in which nobles are granted the use of lands that legally belong to their king, in exchange for their loyalty, military service, and protection of the people who live on the land	52
12013758503	VIDEOS	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3PszVWZNWVA&list=PLDBvONRjztQJWfjUHvRCofpUrlFQeuDfM	53
12013925865	what promoted to the expansion and development of commercial networks?	Innovations in transportation, state policies, and mercantile practices.	54
12013964833	The prophet Muhammad promoted Islam, what is Islam?	a new major monotheistic religion at the start of this period. It spread quickly through practices of trade, warfare, and diffusion characteristic of this period	55
12014029202	trade routes		56
12014118757	Indian Ocean Trade	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a6XtBLDmPA0&feature=youtu.be	57
12014961900	Free peasant agriculture	a type of peasant agriculture where free peasants can sell whatever they grow, but were not protected by land owners.	58
12014980879	nomadic pastoralism	Farming system where animals (cattle, goats, camels) are taken to different locations in order to find fresh pastures.	59
12015031809	Guilds	Association of merchants or artisans who cooperated to protect their economic interests	60
12015048172	Coerced Labor	two types: serfdom: Mita: both in Japan and Europe tribute owned that work for a lord in return to the Inca. of land and protection. large community lower class at feudal system. projects.	61
12015183528	labor taxes	taxes imposed from the government on labor	62
12015531030	Military obligations	as part of feudalism, a peasant would military service for the lord in return for land usage	63
12015613471	the vassal:	a person under the protection of a feudal lord to whom he or she owes allegiance; a subordinate or dependent; a servant.	64
12015649134	Basil the Copper Hand	in the 10th century there was a man named Basil(had a copper hand), tried to impersonate a dead general to take power in Byrthynia, his hand was chopped off and he replaced with a copper hand. tried to lead a peasant revolt against the byzantine empire high taxes. they didn't stand a chance and he was burned at stake.	65
12016030904	peasant revolt in Flanders:	in the 1320s, Flanders held the first mass movements of the fourteenth century. lasted 5 years. people were mad at Louis I for raising taxes. took over Flanders region, they captured Louis and the king of France had to step in. peace treaty was signed but rebellion continued. it wasn't until the battle of Cassel the rebel army and peasants were defeated.	66
12016238705	Red Turban rebellion(white lotus Rebellion)	group pf peasants in 1340s were fed up with yuan(mongol) rule. yellow river was constantly flooding. a Mahayana Buddhist sect known as the the white lotus started the rebellion against the mongol rule. After the 30 years of war, the rebellion was successful. in 1368, Zhu Yuanzhang claimed mandate of heaven and declared himself emperor Wu of the Ming dynasty.	67
12065583089	When did Constantinople fall?	1453 CE, by that time it was only a shadow of what it was 3 centuries earlier.	68
12065636343	Why did the Byzantine Empire fall?	1) INTERNAL ISSUES -succession struggle over who should be leader -court intrigue who was sleeping with who's wife 2) CRUSADES -1st: The seljuk Turks were threatening the pilgrimage rout to Jerusalem -4th: Catholic and Orthodox were not getting along, Venetians gained trade routes 3) OTTOMANS TURKS -Mehmet 2 besieged Constantinople for 2 months (surrounded the city) and starved them into submission	69
12065895715	Byzantine Empire	Eastern half of the Roman Empire that survived the fall of the Western half.	70
12065915678	5 major centers of the christian church in the byzantine empire:	Constantinople, Alexandria, Jerusalem, Antioch, and Rome.	71
12065961788	What is a bishop?	A priest who supervised several local churches	72
12066010253	What is a patriarch?	the head of both church and state.	73
12066110287	Who was highest ranking bishop?	Pope	74
12066155033	Justinian	spoke local language and Latin chosen by his predecessor(who adopted and raised him in Byzantium) in 520 he met his wife Theodora who reigned with him for more than 20 years.	75
12066364842	Justinian Code	consisted of three works the digest: they gathered together all the Roman Empire laws and reduced them to 3 million laws. his laws were written in greek	76
12066429891	official language of Byzantine government	latin, but quickly becoming greek.	77
12066455026	Hagia Sophia	the Cathedral of Holy Wisdom in Constantinople, built by order of the Byzantine emperor Justinian after a terrible outbreak of people who rioted against Justinian. first church to be built in dome(circular)	78
12066515931	bulbonic plague(black death)	killed 3/4 of the population of Europe and Asia during the Middle Ages. both Eastern and Western frontiers were fighting a lot.	79
12066656382	when did the black death come to an end?	367	80
12066906743	what happened after black death in Byzantine empire?	monetized economy became a barter(trade one for one) one. merchants and artisans became farmers. government couldn't afford to pay military.	81
12066991886	revival of constantinople	started minting small coins, trade and commerce increased slightly.	82
12068197961	split	byzantine emperor ruled the empire, while the patriarch of Constantinople presided over the church.	83
12068231360	emperors tried to impose beliefs	sponsors of hagia sophia	84
12068245486	What is iconoclasm?	The deliberate destruction of religious icons and symbols	85
12068259363	What did iconoclasts believe?	said the second amendment of the Hebrew bible prohibited it	86
12068295311	Who ended Iconoclasm?	Irene, widow of Leo IV, came to power o replace her son who was 9 at the time. She made a church council. In 787 the 2nd council met and condemned iconoclasm.	87
12069248400	Start of Abbasid invasions in Byzantine Empire	Irene would pay the Abbasid to not invade empire.	88
12069248401	Who was the first woman to rule the Byzantine empire?	Irene, called herself emperor.	89
12069248402	When did Irene's rule end?	In 802, the government deposed elderly Irene and installed a general as her successor. The empire was three times smaller.	90
12070114991	What is the era following the Han dynasty known as?	Three kingdoms	91
12070114992	Who reunified China after centuries of division?	Northern Zhou General Yang Jian	92
12070114993	What was constructed under the Sui emperor?	The eastern capital of Luoyang and established relation with Taiwan and Japan.	93
12070114994	What led to the fall of the Sui Dynasty?	The construction under te emperor,due to the political disarray, REBELLIONS, and dynastic actions.	94
12070114995	How would you characterize the Tang Dynasty?	Powerful, a lot of land	95
12070114996	Who founded the Tang Dynasty?	General Li Yuan	96
12070114997	What religion flourished under the Tang Dynasty?	Buddhism	97
12070114998	What was the Golden Age of imperial China?	The Tang Dynasty, stable and great government and belief systems	98
12070114999	What is the period after the fall of the Tang Dynasty called?	Five dynasties	99
12070115000	What achievements were made under the Khitan/Liao empire?	Printing and arts	100
12070115001	Who United China in 960?	Zhao kuangyin	101
12070115002	How were Confucian teachings implemented in song China?	Self cultivation as a path not only to self fulfillment but to formation of a virtuous and harmonious society and STATE	102
12070115003	What was the status of women in song China?	It declined	103
12070115004	Tang emperor followed a	Ashoka like government with stupas	104
12070115005	Why did the Sui Dynasty fall?	A disastrous campaign to Korea, emperor overthrown by one his generals who founded the Tang Dynasty REBELLION	105
12070115006	Where did Taizong emperor of the Tang Dynasty expand?	Central Asia	106
12070115007	What was the greatest accomplishment of taizong?	The Tang code; helped local governors difference Crimes. Like difference between men slaughter and murder. Specified punishment for each.	107
12070115008	What was the equal field system? Tang	Divides household into 9 ranks based on wealth , officials gave land beses on household.	108
12070115009	what was the basis of education in Tang Dynasty?	Confucianism	109
12070115010	What did taizong establishes?	Government, social structures, military,	110
12070115011	What increased under Xuaxongs mandate in the Tang Dynasty?	Buddhism and promotes daoism (golden age)	111
12070115012	The song promoted what	neo Confucianism	112
12089190328	Which Chinese Dynasty standardized the production of porcelain?	tang dynasty	113
12089196430	Which trade network is indicated by the arrow?	Silk Road!	114
12089204929	What sort of ships did the Chinese use, especially during the Song Dynasty?	Junk Ships!	115
12089209251	Khmer, in Cambodia, developed these Angkor Wat temples that practiced what religion?	hinduism	116
12089220866	What is the name of the following trade network?	Indian Ocean Trade Network	117
12089237753	The Indian Ocean Trade Network is possible due to what natural oceanic phenomenon?	monsoons	118
12089253479	What is the name of the language that mixed Arabic with African local languages?	Swahili!	119
12089259590	What commodity brought the rise of Islam into Africa?	salt	120
12089265818	What is the name of the trading league made up of several German cities?	Hanseatic League!	121
12089272843	Name TWO famous emperors of the Byzantine Empire!	Justinian, Heraclius, Leo III, Basil II	122
12089282230	Events at the Hippodrome were a political, economic or war-like affair?	Political!	123
12089319641	Which Byzantine emperor introduced the themata system?	Heraclius!	124
12089323100	Which dynasty promoted food-binding?	Song Dynasty	125
12089332805	Which dynasty developed moveable-type printing?	Song Dynasty!	126
12089337318	Which dynasty created gun powder?	Tang Dynasty!	127
12089350325	What is the name of the nomadic Arabs that inhabited the Arabian Peninsula?	Bedouins!	128
12089356621	Where is the Kaaba located?	Mecca	129
12089362366	What is the name of the first four Caliphs?	The Rashidun!	130
12089369029	Which Caliphate became more like a monarchy and created an administrative state?	Umayyad Caliphate!	131
12089376507	Which Caliphate intellectually prospered and promoted the translation movement?	Abbasid Caliphate!	132
12089379366	This traveler practiced Islam and traveled into Africa...	Ibn Battuta	133
12089389802	This traveler wanted to venture into his Hajj....	Ibn Battuta	134
12089423377	This traveler visited the Mongol Golden Horde of Russia...	Ibn Battuta	135
12089431533	This traveler discovered paper for paper money, compasses and coal for heat...	marco polo	136
12089436825	This city promoted intellect and educational knowledge of the Abbasid Caliphate...	Baghdad	137
12089443570	This traveler promoted Mahayana Buddhism into China...	Xuanzang	138
12089457043	What major event led to the development of feudalism in Europe?	The fall of the Roman Empire to nomadic invasions	139
12089475610	European Feudal System	King, Nobles, Knights, Peasants	140
12089483875	Knighthood is to Chivalry as Samurai is to ________?	Bushido Code	141
12089491125	Which institution played the most significant cultural and political role in Feudal Europe?	Roman Catholic Church	142
12089499295	What is the title of the most important figure in Feudal Japanese society?	Shogun	143
12089542915	What religious principle/belief practiced in Japan made way to the differing lowest class between Japan and Europe?	Confucianism!	144
12089549807	What rebellion led to the fall of the Yuan Dynasty?	Red Turban Rebellion!	145
12089558464	Which empire is attributed to spreading the Black Plague?	The Mongols!	146
12089562383	What is the name of the dynasty that underwent its ONLY foreign power at this point of history?	Yuan Dynasty by the Mongols	147
12089573318	The Mongols grew from what certain type of lifestyle?	Nomadic!	148
12089576710	Name one advantage the Mongols had over others?	Archery, horses, extreme brutality and violence, religious tolerance, cultural inclusion, relay postal system	149
12089581449	The MAIN contribution of the Mongol Empire is...	Worldwide networks of exchange and communication	150
12089587672	How was the Mongol military set-up?	Military units: 10, 100, 1000, 10000 warriors and/or based on merit!	151
12090411326	what is the name of the first caliph?	Abu Bakr(632-634)	152
12090422733	what is the other term for the Rashidun?	first 4 caliphs	153
12090451382	after Abu Bakr's first military success against the rebel tribes, who did he turn his attention to?	byzantine and Persian empire	154
12090476110	what happened in August of 634? what did Abu Bakr do?	byzantine battle. He won and died	155
12090490823	what is the name of the second Caliph?	Omar ivan(334-344)	156
12090717131	Role of Jerusalem	holy place for Judaism, Christianity, and Islam	157
12090741157	what is attributed to Omar's reign?	-founder of Islamic state - regulates army -politician and juditionary systems. TO FORM STATE	158
12090776082	Who is the third caliph?	Uthman(654-656)	159
12090795779	what was the issue that provoked the first mutinies against uthman?	he didn't divide the treasure after conquering a territory in equal parts.	160
12090883201	how were the caliphs of Radishun chosen differently to the ummayad caliphate?	Rashidun were chosen by council or were Muhammad's prophets. Ummayad were chosen by family concesors(son after son)	161
12090976958	who asesinated uthman?	his own Muslims	162
12090990145	Who was the 4th caliph?	Ali	163
12091005644	Aisha, Talha, and Az-Aubair battled the new caliph Ali. what was the battle known as?	battle of the caliphs	164
12091008495	When was the Civil War?	(656-661)	165
12091013256	what happened to Ali?	He was assassinated	166
12091024817	who established the Umayyad?	Muawiya	167
12091035217	the Ummayad's duplicated what from the Byzantine empire?	the architecture and structure of empire rule.	168
12091067472	in 684, Marwan was the new Umayyad caliph. what is the name of his son who would reunite the Ummayads?	Abdul Malik	169
12091085010	the dome of rock was built under who? what are the other two holy sites?	abdul Malik. mecca and medina	170
12091101557	al-Walid(705-715)	Second wave of Arab conquests; His reign was notable for expansion.	171
12091235975	the tariq ibn Ziyad; established what>?	conquered Andalusia (cordoba)	172
12091948106	the governor of Andalusia crossed the mountains into french territory (gaul). the Muslims were defeated. how does European history remember it?	victory that stopped the northern Islam and saved the christian church.	173
12091970070	who was the 14th and last caliph?	marwan II	174
12091983523	who was the first Abbasid caliph?	abu al-abbas( descendent of one of muhhamed's disciple's uncle)	175
12092001136	Why did the Ummayads fall?	the believe that family could gain the caliphate	176
12092014533	who was considered part of your clan in early islamic history?	your family	177
12092021943	born	Quraysh tribe	178