AP World History Chapter 15 Practice Flashcards

12061713950	Catholic Counter-Reformation	An internal reform of the Catholic Church is the sixteenth century; thanks specially to the work of the Council of Trent (1545-1563), Catholic leaders clarified doctrine, corrected abuses and corruption, and put a new emphasis on education and accountability	0
12061713951	Condorcet and the idea of progress	The Marquis de Condorcet (1743-1794) was a French philosopher and political scientist who argued that human affairs were moving into an era of near-infinite improbability, with slavery, racism, tyranny, and other human trials swept abay by the triumph of reasons	1
12061713952	Nicolaus Copernicus	Polish mathematician and astronomer (1473-1543) who was the first to argue for the existence of a heliocentric cosmos	2
12061713953	European Enlightenment	European intellectual movement of the eighteenth century that applied the lesson of the Scientific Revolution to human affairs and was noted for its commitment to open-mindedness and inquiry and the relief that knowledge could transform human society	3
12061713954	Jesuits in China	Series of Jesuit missionaries in the late sixteenth and seventeenth centuries who, inspired by the work of Matteo Ricci, made extraordinary efforts to understand and become a part of Chinese culture in their efforts to convert the Chinese elite, although with limited success	4
12061713955	Kaozheng	Literally, "research based on evidence", Chinese intellectual movement whose practitioners emphasized the importance of evidence and analysis, applied especially to historical documents	5
12061713956	Mirabai	One of India's most beloved bhakti poets (1498-1547), she helped break down barriers of caste and tradition	6
12061713957	Issac Newton	English natural scientist (1643-1727) whose formulation of the laws of motion and mechanics is regarded as the culmination of the Scientific Revolution	7
12061713958	Protestant Reformation	Massive schism within Christianity that had its had its formal beginning in 1517 with the German priest Martin Luther; while the leaders of the movement claimed that they sought "reform" a Church that had fallen from biblical practice, in reality the movement was radically innovated in its challenge to Church authority and its endorsement of salvation "by faith alone"	8
12061713959	Sikhism	religious tradition of northern India founded by Guru Nanak ca 1500; combines elements of Hinduism ans Islam and proclaims the brotherhood of all humans and the equality of men and women	9
12061713960	Taki Onqoy	Literally, "dancing sickness"; a religious revival movement in central Peru in the 1560a whose members preached the imminent destruction of Christianity and of the Europeans in favor of a renewed Andean olden age	10
12061713961	Ursula de Jesus	Slave and later religious Laywoman at the Peruvian Convent of Santa Clara (1606-1666), a lucky escape inspired her to pursue a pious life of mortification and good work gaining reputation as a woman of extraordinary devotion and humility as well as a visionary and mystic	11
12061713962	Voltaire	Pen name of the French philosopher Francois-Marie Arouet (1694-1778), whose work is often taken as a model of Enlightenment questioning of traditional values and attitudes; noted for his deism and his criticism of traditional religion	12
12061713963	Wahhabi Islam	Major Islamic movement led by Muslim theologian Abd al- Wahhab (1703-1792) that advocated an austere lifestyle and strict adherence to Islamic law	13
12061713964	bhakti	Hindu devotional movement that flourished in the early modern era, emphasizing music, dance, poetry,and rituals as means by which to achieve direct union with the divine	14
12061713965	Council of Trent	The main instrument of the Catholic Counter-Reformation (1545-1563),at which the Catholic Church clarified doctrine and corrected abuses	15
12061713966	Charles Darwin	highly influential English biologist (1809-1882) whose theory of natural selection continues to be seen by many as a threat to revealed religious truth	16
12061713967	deism	Belief in a divine being who created the cosmos but who does not intervene directly in human affairs	17
12061713968	Edict of Nantes	1598 edict issued by French king Henry IV that granted considerable religious toleration to French Protestants and ended the French Wars of Religion	18
12061713969	Sigmund Freud	Austrian doctor and the father of modern psychoanalysis (1856-1939); his theories about operation of the human mind and emotions remain influential today	19
12061713970	Galileo Galilei	Italian astronomer (1564-1642) who further developed the ideas of Copernicus and whose work eventually suppressed by the Catholic Church	20
12061713971	huacas	local gods of the Andes	21
12061713972	Huguenots	The Protestant minority in France	22
12061713973	Martin Luther	German priest and theologian (1483-1546) who inaugurated the Protestant Reformation movement in Europe	23
12061713974	Guru Nanak	founder of the Sikhism	24
12061713975	Ninety-five Theses	List if ninety-five debating points about the abuse of the Church, posted by Martin Luther on the door of the church in Wittenberg in 1517; the Church's strong reaction eventually drove Luther to separate from Catholic Christianity	25
12061713976	Matteo Ricci	The most famous Jesuit missionary in China in the early modern period; active in China from 1582 tp 1610	26
12061713977	Scientific Revolution	Great European intellectual and cultural transformation that was based on the principles of the scientific method	27
12061713978	Society of Jesus	Also called "Jesuits", this Catholic religious society was founded to encourage the renewal of Catholicism through education and preaching; it soon became a leading Catholic missionary order beyond the borders of Europe	28
12061713979	Thirty Years' War	Highly destructive war (1618-1648) that eventually included most Europe; fought for the most part between Protestants and Catholics, the conflict ended with Peace of Westphalia (1648)	29
12061713980	Wang Yangmin	Prominent Chinese philosopher (1472-1529) who argued that is was possible to achieve a virtuous life by introspection, without the extensive education of traditional Confucianism	30