AP Psychology AP Review Flashcards

12188159374	psychology	the study of behavior and mental processes	0
12188159375	psychology's biggest question	Which is more important in determining behavior, nature or nurture?	1
12188159376	psychology's three levels of analysis	biopsychosocial approach (looks at the biological, psychological, and social-cultural approaches together)	2
12188159377	biological approach	genetics, close-relatives, body functions	3
12188159378	evolutionary approach	species - helped with survival (ancestors)	4
12188159379	psychodynamic approach	(Freud) subconscious, repressed feelings, unfulfilled wishes	5
12188159380	behavioral approach	learning (classical and operant) observed	6
12188159381	cognitive approach	thinking affects behavior	7
12188159382	humanistic approach	becoming a better human (behavior, acceptance)	8
12188159383	social-cultural approach	cultural, family, environment	9
12188159384	two reasons of why experiments are important	hindsight bias + overconfidence	10
12188159385	types of research methods	descriptive, correlational, and experimental	11
12188159386	descriptive methods	case study survey naturalistic observation (DON'T SHOW CAUSE/EFFECT)	12
12188159387	case study	studies one person in depth may not be typical of population	13
12188159388	survey	studies lots of people not in depth	14
12188159389	naturalistic observation	observe + write facts without interference	15
12188159390	correlational method	shows relation, but not cause/effect scatterplots show research	16
12188159391	correlation coefficient	+ 1.0 (both increase) 0 (no correlation - 1.0 (one increases, other decreases)	17
12188159392	experimental method	does show cause and effect	18
12188159393	population	type of people who are going to be used in experiment	19
12188159394	sample	actual people who will be used (randomness reduces bias)	20
12188159395	random assignment	chance selection between experimental and control groups	21
12188159396	control group	not receiving experimental treatment receives placebo	22
12188159397	experimental group	receiving treatment/drug	23
12188159398	independent variable	drug/procedure/treatment	24
12188159399	dependent variable	outcome of using the drug/treatment	25
12188159400	confounding variable	can affect dependent variable beyond experiment's control	26
12188159401	scientific method	theory hypothesis operational definition revision	27
12188159402	theory	general idea being tested	28
12188159403	hypothesis	measurable/specific	29
12188159404	operational definition	procedures that explain components	30
12188159405	mode	appears the most	31
12188159406	mean	average	32
12188159407	median	middle	33
12188159408	range	highest - lowest	34
12188159409	standard deviation	how scores vary around the mean	35
12188159410	central tendency	single score that represents the whole	36
12188159411	bell curve	(natural curve)	37
12188159412	ethics of testing on animals	need to be treated humanly basically similar to humans	38
12188159413	ethics of testing on humans	consent debriefing no unnecessary discomfort/pain confidentiality	39
12188159414	sensory neurons	travel from sensory receptors to brain	40
12188159415	motor neurons	travel from brain to "motor" workings	41
12188159416	interneurons	(in brain and spinal cord) connecting motor and sensory neurons	42
12188159609	neuron		43
12188159417	dendrites	receive messages from other neurons	44
12188159418	myelin sheath	protects the axon	45
12188159419	axon	where charges travel from cell body to axon terminal	46
12188159420	neurotransmitters	chemical messengers	47
12188159421	reuptake	extra neurotransmitters are taken back	48
12188159422	excitatory charge	"Let's do it!"	49
12188159423	inhibitory charge	"Let's not do it!"	50
12188159424	central nervous system	brain and spinal cord	51
12188159425	peripheral nervous system	somatic nervous system autonomic nervous system	52
12188159426	somatic nervous system	voluntary movements	53
12188159427	autonomic nervous system	involuntary movements (sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems)	54
12188159428	sympathetic nervous system	arousing	55
12188159429	parasympathetic nervous system	calming	56
12188159430	neural networks	more connections form with greater use others fall away if not used	57
12188159431	spinal cord	expressway of information bypasses brain when reflexes involved	58
12188159432	endocrine system	slow uses hormones in the blood system	59
12188159433	master gland	pituitary gland	60
12188159434	brainstem	extension of the spinal cord responsible for automatic survival	61
12188159435	reticular formation (if stimulated)	sleeping subject wakes up	62
12188159436	reticular formation (if damaged)	coma	63
12188159437	brainstem (if severed)	still move (without purpose)	64
12188159438	thalamus	sensory switchboard (does not process smell)	65
12188159439	hypothalamus	basic behaviors (hunger, thirst, sex, blood chemistry)	66
12188159440	cerebellum	nonverbal memory, judge time, balance emotions, coordinate movements	67
12188159441	cerebellum (if damaged)	difficulty walking and coordinating	68
12188159442	amygdala	aggression, fear, and memory associated with these emotions	69
12188159443	amygdala (if lesioned)	subject is mellow	70
12188159444	amygdala (if stimulated)	aggressive	71
12188159445	hippocampus	process new memory	72
12188159446	cerebrum	two large hemispheres perceiving, thinking, and processing	73
12188159447	cerebral cortex	only in higher life forms	74
12188159448	association areas	integrate and interpret information	75
12188159449	glial cells	provide nutrients to myelin sheath marks intelligence higher proportion of glial cells to neurons	76
12188159450	frontal lobe	judgement, personality, processing (Phineas Gage accident)	77
12188159451	parietal lobe	math and spatial reasoning	78
12188159452	temporal lobe	audition and recognizing faces	79
12188159453	occipital lobe	vision	80
12188159454	corpus callosum	split in the brain to stop hyper-communication (eliminate epileptic seizures)	81
12188159455	Wernicke's area	interprets auditory and hearing	82
12188159456	Broca's area	speaking words	83
12188159457	plasticity	ability to adapt if damaged	84
12188159458	sensation	what our senses tell us	85
12188159459	bottom-up processing	senses to brain	86
12188159460	perception	what our brain tells us to do with that information	87
12188159461	top-down processing	brain to senses	88
12188159462	inattentional blindness	fail to "gorilla" because attention is elsewhere	89
12188159463	cocktail party effect	even with tons of stimuli, we are able to pick out our name, etc.	90
12188159464	change blindness	giving directions and person is changed and we don't notice	91
12188159465	choice blindness	when defending the choice we make, we fail to notice choice was changed	92
12188159466	absolute threshold	minimum stimulation needed in order to notice 50% of the time	93
12188159467	signal detection theory	we notice what is more important to us (rather hear a baby crying)	94
12188159468	JND (just noticeable difference)	(Weber's law) difference between different stimuli noticed in proportion	95
12188159469	sensory adaptation	tired of noticing (Brain says, "Been there, done that. Next?"	96
12188159470	rods	night time	97
12188159471	cones	color	98
12188159472	parallel processing	notice color, form, depth, movement, etc.	99
12188159473	Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory	3 corresponding color receptors (RGB)	100
12188159474	Hering's opponent-process theory	after image in opposite colors (RG, YB, WB)	101
12188159475	trichromatic + opponent-process	Young-Helmholtz -> color stimuli Hering -> en route to cortex	102
12188159476	frequency we hear most	human voice	103
12188159477	Helmoltz (hearing)	we hear different pitches in different places in basilar membrane (high pitches)	104
12188159478	frequency theory	impulse frequency (low pitches)	105
12188159479	Helmholtz + frequency theory	middle pitches	106
12188159480	Skin feels what?	warmth, cold, pressure, pain	107
12188159481	gate-control theory	small fibers - pain large fibers - other senses	108
12188159482	memory of pain	peaks and ends	109
12188159483	smell	close to memory section (not in thalamus)	110
12188159484	grouping	Gestalt make sense of pieces create a whole	111
12188159485	grouping groups	proximity similarity continuity connectedness closure	112
12188159486	make assumptions of placement	higher - farther smaller - farther blocking - closer, in front	113
12188159487	perception =	mood + motivation	114
12188159488	consciousness	awareness of ourselves and the environment	115
12188159489	circadian rhythm	daily biological clock and regular cycle (sleep and awake)	116
12188159490	circadian rhythm pattern	- activated by light - light sensitive retinal proteins signal brains SCN (suprachiasmatic nucleus) - pineal gland decreases melatonin	117
12188159491	What messes with circadian rhythm?	artificial light	118
12188159492	The whole sleep cycle lasts how long?	90 minutes	119
12188159493	sleep stages	relaxed stage (alpha waves) stage 1 (early sleep) (hallucinations) stage 2 (sleep spindles - bursts of activity) (sleep talk) stage 3 (transition phase) (delta waves) stage 4 (delta waves) (sleepwalk/talk + wet the bed) stage 5 (REM) (sensory-rich dreams) (paradoxical sleep)	120
12188159494	purpose of sleep	1. recuperation - repair neurons and allow unused neural connections to wither 2. making memories 3. body growth (children sleep more)	121
12188159495	insomnia	can't sleep	122
12188159496	narcolepsy	fall asleep anywhere at anytime	123
12188159497	sleep apnea	stop breathing in sleep	124
12188159498	night terrors	prevalent in children	125
12188159499	sleepwalking/sleeptalking	hereditary - prevalent in children	126
12188159500	dreaming (3)	1. vivid bizarre intense sensory experiences 2. carry fear/survival issues - vestiges of ancestors' survival ideas 2. replay previous day's experiences/worries	127
12188159501	purpose of dreaming (5 THEORIES)	1. physiological function - develop/preserve neural pathways 2. Freud's wish-fulfillment (manifest/latent content) 3. activation synthesis - make sense of stimulation originating in brain 4. information processing 5. cognitive development - reflective of intelligence	128
12188159502	1. Can hypnosis bring you back in time? 2. Can hypnosis make you do things you wouldn't normally do? 3. Can it alleviate pain? 4. What state are you in during hypnosis? 5. Who is more susceptible?	1. cannot take you back in time 2. cannot make you do things you won't do 3. can alleviate pain 4. fully conscious ((IMAGINATIVE PEOPLE MORE SUSCEPTIBLE))	129
12188159503	depressants	slows neural pathways	130
12188159504	alcohol	((depressant)) disrupts memory formation (REM) lowers inhibition expectancy effect	131
12188159505	barbituates (tranquilizers)	((depressant)) reduce anxiety	132
12188159506	opiates	((depressant)) pleasure reduce anxiety/pain	133
12188159507	stimulants	hypes neural processing	134
12188159508	methamphetamine	((stimulant)) heightens energy euphoria affects dopamine	135
12188159509	caffeine	((stimulant))	136
12188159510	nicotine	((stimulant)) CNS releases neurotransmitters calm anxiety reduce pain affects (nor)epinephrine and dopamine	137
12188159511	cocaine	((stimulant)) euphoria affects dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine	138
12188159512	hallucinogen	excites neural activity	139
12188159513	ecstasy	((hallucinogen)) reuptake is blocked affects dopamine and serotonin	140
12188159514	LSD	((hallucinogen)) affects sensory/emotional "trip" (+/-) affects serotonin	141
12188159515	marijuana	((hallucinogen)) amplify sensory experience disrupts memory formation	142
12188159516	learning	organism changing behavior due to experience (association of events)	143
12188159517	types of learning	classical operant observational	144
12188159518	famous classical psychologists	Pavlov and Watson	145
12188159519	famous operant psychologist	Skinner	146
12188159520	famous observational psychologists	Bandura	147
12188159521	classical conditioning	outside stimulus	148
12188159522	Pavlov's experiment	Step 1: US (food) -> UR (salivation) Step 2: NS (bell) -> US (food) -> UR (salivation) Later... CS (bell) -> CR (salivation)	149
12188159523	Watson's experiment	white rat was given to Little Albert Step 1: US (noise) -> UR (cry) Step 2: NS (rat) -> US (noise) -> UR (cry) Later... CS (rat) -> CR (cry)	150
12188159524	generalization	any small, white fluffy creature will make Albert cry now	151
12188159525	discriminate	any large, white fluffy creature won't make Albert cry	152
12188159526	extinction	stop "treating" with conditioned response	153
12188159527	spontaneous recovery	bring stimulus back after a while	154
12188159528	operant conditioning	control by organism	155
12188159529	Skinner's experiment	operant chamber / Skinner box (lead to shaping)	156
12188159530	shaping	get animal closer to doing what you want them to do	157
12188159531	reinforcers	want to continue behavior (positive reinforcement: give money to do laundry) (negative reinforcement: do to avoid nagging)	158
12188159532	punishments	want to stop behavior (positive reinforcement: smack) (negative reinforcement: take away phone)	159
12188159533	fixed ratio	happens a certain number of times (Starbucks punch card)	160
12188159534	variable ratio	happens an unpredictable number of times (winning the lottery)	161
12188159535	organism must do these (2 times)	fixed ratio and variable ratio	162
12188159536	fixed interval	happens at a certain time (mailman comes to the house at 10:00 AM)	163
12188159537	variable interval	happens at any time (receive texts from friends)	164
12188159538	these things happen regardless (2 times)	fixed interval and variable interval	165
12188159539	Which (fixed/variable) conditions better?	variable	166
12188159540	criticisms of Skinner	doesn't take into account intrinsic motivation	167
12188159541	intrinsic motivation	doing something for yourself, not the reward	168
12188159542	extrinsic motivation	doing something for reward	169
12188159543	Skinner's legacy	use it personally, at school, and at work	170
12188159544	famous observational experiment	Bandura's Bobo doll	171
12188159545	famous observational psychologist	Bandura	172
12188159546	mirror neurons	"feel" what is observed happens in higher order animals	173
12188159547	Bobo doll experiment legacy	violent video games/movies desensitize us see good: do good see evil: do evil	174
12188159548	observational learning	biological behaviors work best	175
12188159549	habituation	get used to it -> stop reacting	176
12188159550	examples for observational learning	lectures and reading	177
12188159551	serotonin involved with memory	speeds the connection between neurons	178
12188159552	LTP	((long-term potentiation)) strengthens potential neural forming (associated with speed)	179
12188159553	CREB	protein that can switch genes on/off with memory and connection of memories	180
12188159554	glutamate involved with memory	neurotransmitter that enhances LTP	181
12188159555	glucose involved with memory	released during strong emotions ((signaling important event to be remembered))	182
12188159556	flashbulb memory	type of memory remembered because it was an important/quick moment	183
12188159557	amygdala (memory)	boosts activity of proteins in memory-forming areas to fight/flight	184
12188159558	cerebellum (memory)	forms and stores implicit memories ((classical conditioning))	185
12188159559	hippocampus (memory)	active during sleep (forming memories) ((information "moves" after 48 hours))	186
12188159560	memory	learning over time contains information that can be retrieved	187
12188159561	processing stages	encoding -> storage -> retrieval	188
12188159562	encoding	information going in	189
12188159563	storage	keeping information in	190
12188159564	retrieval	taking information out	191
12188159565	How long is sensory memory stored?	seconds	192
12188159566	How long is short-term memory stored?	less than a minute	193
12188159567	How many bits of information is stored in short-term memory?	7	194
12188159568	How many chunks of information is stored in short-term memory?	4	195
12188159569	How many seconds of words is stored in short-term memory?	2	196
12188159570	short term memory goes to ______________	working memory	197
12188159571	working memory	make a connection and process information to mean something	198
12188159572	working memory goes to _________________	long-term memory	199
12188159573	How much is stored in long-term memory?	LIMITLESS	200
12188159574	implicit memory	naturally do	201
12188159575	explicit memory	need to explain	202
12188159576	automatic processing	space, time, frequency, well-learned information	203
12188159577	effortful processing	processing that requires effort	204
12188159578	spacing effect	spread out learning over time	205
12188159579	serial position effect	primary/recency effect	206
12188159580	primary effect	remember the first things in a list	207
12188159581	recency effect	remember the last things in a list	208
12188159582	effortful processing (4 things)	1. recency effect 2. spacing effect 3. testing effect 4. serial position effect	209
12188159583	semantic encoding (1) meaning (2) how to	make meaning out of something --- chunk, hierarchy, or connect to you	210
12188159584	if we can't remember a memory...	1. change memory to suit us 2. fill in the blanks with logical story	211
12188159585	misinformation effect	not correct information	212
12188159586	imagination inflation	imagine or visualize something that isn't real	213
12188159587	source amnesia	what is the truth? (is it a dream, story, memory, etc.?)	214
12188159588	priming	association (setting you up)	215
12188159589	context	environment helps with memory	216
12188159590	state-dependency	you may remember something if you go back to the state you were in (go back to high)	217
12188159591	mood-congruency	emotion will bring back similar emotional memories	218
12188159592	forgetting curve	forget after 5 days forget after 5 years	219
12188159593	the forgetting curve was created by	Ebbinghaus	220
12188159594	proactive interference	old information interferes with the new	221
12188159595	retroactive interference	new information interferes with the old	222
12188159596	children can't remember before age __	3	223
12188159597	Loftus	connected to abuse cases/childhood	224
12188159598	prototypes	generalize	225
12188159599	problem-solving (4)	trial + error algorithms heuristic (representative + availability) insight - "AHA!"	226
12188159600	against problem-solving	fixation	227
12188159601	mental set	what has worked in the past	228
12188159602	functional fixedness	only way to do this is with this	229
12188159603	Chomsky (nature or nurture?)	"born with language" (nature)	230
12188159604	Skinner (nature or nurture?)	language is learned (nurture)	231
12188159605	grammar is _________	universal	232
12188159606	phonemes	smallest sound unit	233
12188159607	morphemes	smallest meaning unit	234