Arrangement of Rhetoric How a Writer Structures the Argument Intended Purpose and Effect 1 Introduction (exordium ?beginning a web?) --often where the writer establishes ethos Narration (narratio) --appeals to logos and often to pathos Confirmation (confirmatio) --makes the strongest appeal to logos Refutation (refutatio) --address counterargument --bridges writer?s proof and conclusion --appeals to logos Conclusion (peroratio) --usually appeals to pathos --reminds to reader of the ethos established earlier --answers the question, ?So what?? --contains memorable last words