AP World History - Period 2 Review Flashcards
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| 10975140226 | Ahura Mazda | In Zoroastrianism, the good god who rules the world. |  | 0 |
| 10975140227 | Alexander the Great | Alexander III of Macedon (356-323 B.C.E.), conqueror of the Persian Empire and part of northwest India. |  | 1 |
| 10975140228 | Aryans | Indo-European pastoralists who moved into India about the time of the collapse of the Indus Valley civilization; their role in causing this collapse is still debated by historians. |  | 2 |
| 10975140229 | Ashoka | The most famous ruler of the Mauryan Empire (r. 268-232 B.C.E.), who converted to Buddhism and tried to rule peacefully and with tolerance. |  | 3 |
| 10975140230 | Caesar Augustus | The great-nephew and adopted son of Julius Caesar who emerged as sole ruler of the Roman state at the end of an extended period of civil war (r. 31 B.C.E.-14 C.E.). |  | 4 |
| 10975140231 | Cyrus (the Great) | Founder of the Persian Empire (r. 557-530 B.C.E.); a ruler noted for his conquests, religious tolerance, and political moderation. |  | 5 |
| 10975140232 | Darius I | Great king of Persia (r. 522-486 B.C.E.) following the upheavals after Cyrus's death; completed the establishment of the Persian Empire. |  | 6 |
| 10975140233 | Greco-Persian Wars | Two major Persian invasions of Greece, in 490 B.C.E. and 480 B.C.E., in which the Persians were defeated on both land and sea. |  | 7 |
| 10975140234 | Gupta Empire | An empire of India (320-550 C.E.). |  | 8 |
| 10975140235 | Han dynasty | Chinese dynasty that restored unity in China softened legalist policies. Begun in 202 B.C. by Liu Bang, the dynasty ruled China for more than 400 years. |  | 9 |
| 10975140236 | Hellenistic era | The period from 323 to 30 B.C.E. in which Greek culture spread widely in Eurasia in the kingdoms ruled by Alexander's political successors. |  | 10 |
| 10975140237 | Herodotus | Greek historian known as the "father of history" (ca. 484-ca. 425 B.C.E.). His Histories enunciated the Greek view of a fundamental divide between East and West, culminating in the Greco-Persian Wars of 490-480 B.C.E. | 11 | |
| 10975140238 | hoplite | A heavily armed Greek infantryman. Over time, the ability to afford a military wares and to fight for the city came to define Greek citizenship. |  | 12 |
| 10975140239 | Ionia | The territory of Greek settlements on the coast of Anatolia; the main bone of contention between the Greeks and the Persian Empire. |  | 13 |
| 10975140240 | Mandate of Heaven | The ideological underpinning of Chinese emperors, this was the belief that a ruler held authority by command of divine force as long as he ruled morally and benevolently. | 14 | |
| 10975140241 | Battle of Marathon | Athenian victory over a Persian invasion in 490 B.C.E. | 15 | |
| 10975140242 | Mauryan Empire | A major empire (322-185 B.C.E.) that encompassed most of India. | 16 | |
| 10975140243 | Patricians | Wealthy, privileged Romans who dominated early Roman society. | 17 | |
| 10975140244 | Pax Romana | The "Roman peace," a term typically used to denote the stability and prosperity of the early Roman Empire, especially in the first and second centuries C.E. | 18 | |
| 10975140245 | Peloponnesian War | Great war between Athens (and allies) and Sparta (and allies), lasting from 431 to 404 B.C.E. The conflict ended in the defeat of Athens and the closing of Athens's Golden Age. |  | 19 |
| 10975140246 | Persepolis | The capital and greatest palace-city of the Persian Empire, destroyed by Alexander the Great. |  | 20 |
| 10975140247 | Persian Empire | A major empire that expanded from the Iranian plateau to incorporate the Middle East from Egypt to India; flourished from around 550 to 330 B.C.E. | 21 | |
| 10975140248 | Plebians | Poorer, less privileged Romans who gradually won a role in Roman politics. | 22 | |
| 10975140249 | Punic Wars | Three major wars between Rome and Carthage in North Africa, fought between 264 and 146 B.C.E., that culminated in Roman victory and control of the western Mediterranean. | 23 | |
| 10975140250 | Qin Dynasty | A short-lived (221-206 B.C.E.) but highly influential Chinese dynasty that succeeded in reuniting China at the end of the Warring States period. |  | 24 |
| 10975140251 | Qin Shihuangdi | Literally "first emperor" (r. 221-210 B.C.E.) forcibly reunited China and established a strong and repressive state. | 25 | |
| 10975140252 | Solon | Athenian statesman and lawmaker (fl. 594-560 B.C.E.) whose reforms led the Athenians toward democracy. | 26 | |
| 10975140253 | Wudi | Han emperor (r. 141-86 B.C.E.) who began the Chinese civil service system by establishing an academy to train imperial bureaucrats. | 27 | |
| 10975140254 | Xiongnu | Nomadic peoples to the north of the Great Wall of China who were a frequent threat to the stability of the Chinese state. | 28 | |
| 10975140255 | Aristotle | A Greek polymath philosopher (384-322 B.C.E.); student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. | 29 | |
| 10975140256 | Bhagavad Gita | A great Hindu epic text, part of the much larger Mahabharata, which affirms the performance of caste duties as a path to religious liberation. | 30 | |
| 10975140257 | Brahman | The "World Soul" or final reality in upanishadic Hindu belief. | 31 | |
| 10975140258 | Brahmins | The priestly caste of India. | 32 | |
| 10975140259 | Buddhism | The cultural/religious tradition first enunciated by Siddhartha Gautama | 33 | |
| 10975140260 | Confucianism | The Chinese philosophy first enunciated by Confucius, advocating the moral example of superiors as the key element of social order. | 34 | |
| 10975140261 | Confucius | The founder of Confucianism (551-479 B.C.E.); an aristocrat of northern China who proved to be the greatest influence on Chinese culture in its history. | 35 | |
| 10975140262 | Constantine | Roman emperor (r. 306-337 C.E.) whose conversion to Christianity paved the way for the triumph of Christianity in Europe. |  | 36 |
| 10975140263 | Daoism | A Chinese philosophy/popular religion that advocates simplicity and understanding of the world of nature, founded by the legendary figure Laozi. | 37 | |
| 10975140264 | Filial piety | The honoring of one's ancestors and parents, a key element of Confucianism. | 38 | |
| 10975140265 | Greek rationalism | A secularizing system of scientific and philosophic thought that developed in classical Greece in the period 600 to 300 B.C.E.; it emphasized the power of education and human reason to understand the world in nonreligious terms. | 39 | |
| 10975140266 | Hinduism | A word derived from outsiders to describe the vast diversity of indigenous Indian religious traditions. | 40 | |
| 10975140267 | Hippocrates | A very influential Greek medical theorist (ca. 460-ca. 370 B.C.E.); regarded as the father of medicine. | 41 | |
| 10975140268 | Jesus of Nazareth | The prophet/god of Christianity(ca. 4 B.C.E.-ca. 30 C.E.). | 42 | |
| 10975140269 | Yahweh | A form of the Hebrew name of God used in the Bible. The monotheistic religion developed by the Hebrews, emphasizing a sole personal god with concerns for social justice. | 43 | |
| 10975140270 | Karma | In Hinduism, the determining factor of the level at which the individual is reincarnated, based on purity of action and fulfillment of duty in the prior existence. |  | 44 |
| 10975140271 | Laozi | A legendary Chinese philosopher of the sixth century B.C.E.; regarded as the founder of Daoism. | 45 | |
| 10975140272 | Legalism | A Chinese philosophy distinguished by an adherence to clear laws with vigorous punishments. | 46 | |
| 10975140273 | Moksha | In Hindu belief, liberation from separate existence and union with Brahman. | 47 | |
| 10975140274 | Nirvana | The end goal of Buddhism, in which individual identity is "extinguished" into a state of serenity and great compassion. | 48 | |
| 10975140275 | Plato | A disciple of Socrates whose Dialogues convey the teachings of his master while going beyond them to express Plato's own philosophy; lived from 429 to 348 B.C.E. | 49 | |
| 10975140276 | Pythagoras | A major Greek philosopher (ca. 560-ca. 480 B.C.E.) who believed that an unchanging mathematical order underlies the apparent chaos of the world. | 50 | |
| 10975140277 | Siddhartha Gautama (the Buddha) | The Indian prince (ca. 566-ca. 486 B.C.E.) who founded Buddhism. | 51 | |
| 10975140278 | Socrates | The first great Greek philosopher to turn rationalism toward questions of human existence (469-399 B.C.E.). | 52 | |
| 10975140279 | Upanishads | Indian mystical and philosophical works, written between 800 and 400 B.C.E. | 53 | |
| 10975140280 | Vedas | The earliest religious texts of India, a collection of ancient poems, hymns, and rituals that were transmitted orally before being written down ca. 600 B.C.E. | 54 | |
| 10975140281 | Warring States Period | Period in China from 403 to 221 B.C.E. that was typified by disorder and political chaos. | 55 | |
| 10975140282 | Yin and Yang | Expression of the Chinese belief in the unity of opposites. | 56 | |
| 10975140283 | Zoroastrianism | Persian monotheistic religion founded by the prophet Zarathustra. | 57 | |
| 10975140284 | caste as varna and jati | The system of social organization in India that has evolved over millennia; it is based on an original division of the populace into four inherited classes, with the addition of thousands of social distinctions based on occupation, which became the main cell of social life in India. | 58 | |
| 10975140285 | dharma | In Indian belief, performance of the duties appropriate to an individual's caste; good performance will lead to rebirth in a higher caste. | 59 | |
| 10975140286 | helots | The dependent, semi-enslaved class of ancient Sparta whose social discontent prompted the militarization of Spartan society. | 60 | |
| 10975140287 | Kshatriya | The Indian social class of warriors and rulers. | 61 | |
| 10975140288 | latifundia | Huge estates operated by slave labor that flourished in parts of the Roman Empire | 62 | |
| 10975140289 | Pericles | A prominent and influential statesman of ancient Athens (ca. 495-429 B.C.E.); presided over Athens's Golden Age. | 63 | |
| 10975140290 | Sudra | The lowest Indian social class of varna; regarded as servants of their social betters; eventually included peasant farmers | 64 | |
| 10975140291 | the "three submissions" | In Chinese Confucian thought, the notion that a woman is permanently subordinate to male control: first that of her father, then of her husband, and finally of her son. | 65 | |
| 10975140292 | Untouchables | An Indian social class that emerged below the Sudras and whose members performed the most unclean and polluting work. | 66 | |
| 10975140293 | Vaisya | The Indian social class that was originally defined as farmers but eventually comprised merchants. | 67 | |
| 10975140294 | Silk Road | Trade route stretching from China into Europe. | 68 | |
| 10975140295 | Arabic Numerals | A written number system created during the Gupta golden age in India, then adopted by the Islamic Empire before spreading further. Used throughout western civilization today. | 69 | |
| 10975140296 | Ancestor Veneration | Part of Confucianism, is about honoring and remembering family members who have died. Is an expression of Hsin (faithfullness). | 70 | |
| 10975140297 | Aqueducts | Bridge-like stone structures that carry water from the hills into Roman cities. | 71 | |
| 10975140299 | Bantu Migrations | As the Bantu people migrated, they spread the Bantu family of languages and culture. The Bantu also spread the use of iron, which improved farming techniques and agricultural efficiency, the greater food supply sparked economic development and population growth. The changes instigated by the Bantu migration increased the vitality of sub-Saharan Africa. | 72 | |
| 10975140302 | Bureaucracies | Large administrative agencies reflecting a hierarchical authority, job specialization, and rules and regulations that drive them. EX: Caste System, Tributary System, Han Governors, Proconsuls in Rome. | 73 | |
| 10975140303 | Caste System | A Hindu social class system that controlled every aspect of daily life. | 74 | |
| 10975140304 | Celestial Bureaucracy | Chinese dieties that are order in the power they have. EX: Kitchen god reports to the City god because he has more power. | 75 | |
| 10975140305 | Chinese Dynasties: Zhou, Qin, Han | Zhou: "Mandate of heaven" granted power to rule. virtues of restraint, humility, and advice. Moral character: determinant of right to rule and heaven serves as a moral force with interest in human affairs. encouraged ethical ruling. Qin: Shih Huang-ti became China's first emperor. He unified China, built roads and canals, and constructed the Great Wall to protect his empire. Han:Dynasty started by Lui Bang; a great and long-lasting rule, it discarded the harsh policies of the Qin dynasty and adopted Confucian principles; Han rulers chose officials who passed the civil service exams rather than birth; it was a time of prosperity. | 76 | |
| 10975140306 | Christianity | A monotheistic system of beliefs and practices based on the Old Testament and the teachings of Jesus as embodied in the New Testament and emphasizing the role of Jesus as savior. | 77 | |
| 10975140307 | Civil Service Examination | Exams that Chinese bureaucrats passed to serve in state, based on Confucian concepts, Han origins. | 78 | |
| 10975140308 | Classical Civilizations | Very Organized Civilizations that had strong Central Governments, made major Contributions to our Society (Architecture, Law, Government, Science), and developed large Trade Networks. | 79 | |
| 10975140309 | Coinages | Process of creating new words without employing any other word or word part already in existence. Similar linguistic patterns developed. | 80 | |
| 10975140311 | Constantinople | A large and wealthy city that was the imperial capital of the Byzantine empire and later the Ottoman empire, now known as Istanbul. | 81 | |
| 10975140312 | Corvee | Unpaid labor (as for the maintenance of roads) required by a lord of his vassals in lieu of taxes. | 82 | |
| 10975140314 | Deforestations | Destruction of the forest land, caused by terrible floods when monsoons rains were heavy. Or, destruction by man-made fires. | 83 | |
| 10975140315 | Democracy | A system of government by the whole population or all the eligible members of a state, typically through elected representatives. | 84 | |
| 10975140316 | Diffusion | The spread of ideas and technology from one place to another over time. | 85 | |
| 10975140317 | Diplomacy | A process of negotiation and communication between states that seeks to resolve conflict without recourse to war; an instrument of foreign policy. | 86 | |
| 10975140318 | Disease Pathogens | Physical, chemical, or biological factors that can cause disease. | 87 | |
| 10975140319 | East Rome v. West Rome | Thriving, center of vital and flourishing culture called Byzantine, had good emperors versus Rural because of barbarian invasions, smaller cities, isolated upper class, only high degreed institution was the christian church. Great Schism causes this. | 88 | |
| 10975140320 | Eastern Orthodoxy | Church established in the Byzantine Empire after the split from the Roman Catholic Church; Greek & Russian Orthodox Churches descend from this. | 89 | |
| 10975140321 | Enlightenment | (Hinduism and Buddhism) the beatitude that transcends the cycle of reincarnation. | 90 | |
| 10975140323 | Filial Piety | In Confucian thought, one of the virtues to be cultivated, a love and respect for one's parents and ancestors. All members of the family must be subordinate of the needs of the eldest male. | 91 | |
| 10975140324 | Germanic Invasions | Germanic tribes invaded the Roman Empire because they were pressured to do so by Asiatic people like the HUNS. Their conquest had several negative effects on the Empire. | 92 | |
| 10975140325 | Great Wall of China | A huge wall that is over 6000 miles, which was built to keep the Mongolians in the north out of China. Built by Qin Dynasty. | 93 | |
| 10975140327 | Greco-Roman Philosophy | Logic, empirical observation, nature of political power. Socrates, Plato wrote The Republic; Aristotle for science | 94 | |
| 10975140328 | Greek Dramas | Greek places were performed in large outdoor theaters with little or no scenery. Actors wore costumes and masks. Choruses sang. | 95 | |
| 10975140329 | Greek Philosophy | Which cultural tradition is particularly noted for its emphasis on logic and relentless questioning of received wisdom, without giving much role to the gods. | 96 | |
| 10975140330 | Hellenistic Culture | After Alexander's death, Greek art, education, and culture merged with those in the Middle East. Trade and important scientific centers were established, such as Alexandria, Egypt. | 97 | |
| 10975140331 | Hierarchies | A Social structure that organizes ranks people such as in a class system. | 98 | |
| 10975140333 | Codification of Religion | Changing of religion into specific rules and customs as defined and practiced by all believers; commonly done in Classical Era--except Hinduism which remains local and changes beliefs. | 99 | |
| 10975140334 | Indian Ocean Sea Lanes | Connected southeast China to Africa, mostly traveled in 3 legs: 1) southeast China to southeast Asia 2) to the eastern coast of India 3) the western coast of India to the Red Sea and East coast of Africa. | 100 | |
| 10975140335 | Jainism | A religion that branched off from Hinduism and was founded by Mahavira; its belief is that everything has a soul, and its purpose was to cleanse the soul. Some were extreme aesthetics. | 101 | |
| 10975140336 | Judaism | A religion with a belief in one god. It originated with Abraham and the Hebrew people. Yahweh was responsible for the world and everything within it. They preserved their early history in the Old Testament. | 102 | |
| 10975140340 | Mediterranean Sea Lanes | Trade routes that connected the Mediterranean civilizations together that increased trade and communications. | 103 | |
| 10975140341 | Monastic Life | A life dedicated to prayer, work, study, and the needs of society. | 104 | |
| 10975140342 | Monsoon | A regional scale wind system that predictably change direction with the passing of the seasons. These winds blow from land to sea in the winter, and from sea to land in the summer. In summer they are often accompanied with precipitation. | 105 | |
| 10975140345 | Paper | Advances in Technology during the Han Dynasty. Things could be written down as records. | 106 | |
| 10975140346 | Patriarchs | Bishops of the administrative centers for the church in the last years of the Roman empire. Eastern Roman Empire used them more often and were installed by Constantine. | 107 | |
| 10975140351 | Persian Empires | 500 BCE most impressive of the world's empires (North of Persian Gulf). very accepting of others cultures. conquered by Alexander the Great. Achaemenids, Seleucids, Parthians, and Sassanids. | 108 | |
| 10975140352 | Persian Satraps | Darius installed regional governors called satraps. It was a part of the empire and ruled by men called satraps and the land was called satrapies. Each satrapy had to pay taxes and the satraps/ governors of that land were checked on. | 109 | |
| 10975140353 | Philosophy | Characterized by a deep sense of wonder about the cosmos and humanity's place in nature. | 110 | |
| 10975140355 | Polis | A Greek city-state. | 111 | |
| 10975140357 | Provincial Governments | Responsible for education, health care, provincial taxation, provincial police, the management of natural resources, roads and bridges, workers' compensation programs, and housing. | 112 | |
| 10975140359 | Qanat Systems | A water management system used to provide a reliable supply of water for human settlements and irrigation in hot, arid and semi-arid climates. (Persians) | 113 | |
| 10975140360 | Reincarnation | In Hinduism and Buddhism, the process by which a soul is reborn continuously until it achieves perfect understanding. | 114 | |
| 10975140361 | Religious Toleration | Acceptance of religious differences. | 115 | |
| 10975140362 | Republic | A form of government in which the people select representatives to govern them and make laws. | 116 | |
| 10975140363 | Roman Catholicism | Branch of Christianity based in Rome, Italy and led by the Pope. Largest group within Christianity, it is popular in Latin America, southern Europe and areas of Africa that used to be French, Spanish or Portuguese colonies. | 117 | |
| 10975140364 | Roman Empire | An empire established by Augustus in 27 BC and divided in AD 395 into the Western Roman Empire and the Eastern or Byzantine Empire by Diocletian. | 118 | |
| 10975140365 | Roman Republic | The balanced constitution of Rome; featured an aristocratic Senate, a panel of magistrates, and several popular assemblies. | 119 | |
| 10975140366 | Royal Road | A road for the government use built by the ancient Persian ruler Darius which helped unite the empire. | 120 | |
| 10975140367 | Sanskrit | A formal, literary, and administrative language in India. | 121 | |
| 10975140369 | Shamanism | An animistic religion of northern Asia having the belief that the mediation between the visible and the spirit worlds is effected by shamans. | 122 | |
| 10975140370 | Silk | An ancient trade route between China and the Mediterranean Sea extending some 6,440 km (4,000 mi) and linking China with the Roman Empire. Marco Polo followed the route on his journey to Cathay. | 123 | |
| 10975140371 | Slavery | Classical empires saw a rise in this. This form of labor was a major part of the production of food and other goods (Corvée for example). Although some civilizations relied greatly on this (like Rome) while in others such as China it was an extremely small percentage of the population. | 124 | |
| 10975140374 | Spread of Buddhism | Founded by Siddhartha Gautama in the Himalayas. It was spread by monks who traveled to other countries to teach people the ways of Buddhism. The Silk Road brought the Chinese into contact with it. Each culture that made contact with Buddhism adapted it to their own needs. | 125 | |
| 10975140375 | Syncretism | In acculturation, the creative blending of indigenous and foreign beliefs and practices into new cultural forms. | 126 | |
| 10975140376 | Trans-Saharan Caravan Routes | Trading network linking North Africa with sub-Saharan Africa across the Sahara. | 127 | |
| 10975140377 | Tributary System | A system in which, from the time of the Han Empire, countries in East and Southeast Asia not under the direct control of empires based in China nevertheless enrolled as tributary states, acknowledging the superiority of the emperors in China and gave "tributes" to the central government in exchange for protection. | 128 | |
| 10975140380 | Ying-Yang | Forces of good and evil that control our world. good will happen if you follow forces of positive change. Daoism. | 129 | |
| 10975140386 | Diocletian | Emperor of Rome who was responsible for dividing Rome into different provinces and districts. Eventually, the eastern portions of the Empire became known as the Byzantine Empire. | 130 | |
| 10975140387 | Homer | A Greek poet, author of the Iliad and the Odyssey. | 131 | |
| 10975140389 | Julius Caesar | Roman general who ended Roman Republic. Conquered Gaul with his powerful army. Made himself Roman dictator in 46 BC. Assassinated by Brutus and others in 44 BC because he was too powerful. | 132 |