AP English Flashcards

12242732648	alliteration	The repetition of the same sound or letter at the beginning of consecutive words or syllables	0
12242732649	allusion	An indirect reference, often to another text or a historic event	1
12242732650	analogy	An extended comparison between two seemingly dissimilar things	2
12242732651	anaphora	The repetition of words at the beginning of successive clauses	3
12242732652	ancedote	A short account of an interesting event	4
12242732653	annotation	Explanatory or critical notes added to the text	5
12242732654	antecedent	The noun to which a later pronoun refers	6
12242732655	antimetabole	The repetition of words in an inverted order to sharpen a contrast	7
12242732656	antithesis	Parallel structure that juxtaposes contrasting ideas	8
12242732657	aphorism	A short, astute statement of a general truth	9
12242732658	appositive	A word or phrase that renames a nearby noun or pronoun	10
12242732659	archaic diction	The use of words common to an earlier time period; antiquated language	11
12242732660	argument	A statement put forth and supported by evidence	12
12242732661	Aristotelian triangle	A diagram that represents a rhetorical situation as the relationship among the speaker, the subject, and the audience (see rhetorical triangle)	13
12242732662	assertion	An emphatic statement; declaration. An assertion supported by evidence becomes argument	14
12242732663	assumption	A belief or statement taken for granted without proof	15
12242732664	asyndeton	Leaving out conjunctions between words, phrases, clauses	16
12242732665	attitude	The speaker's position on a subject as revealed through his or her tone	17
12242732666	audience	One's listener or readership' those to whom a speech or piece of writing is addressed	18
12242732667	authority	A reliable, respected source - someone with knowledge	19
12242732668	bias	Prejudice or predisposition toward one side of a subject or issue	20
12242732669	cite	Identifying a part of a piece of writing as being derived from a source	21
12242732670	claim	An assertion, usually supported by evidence	22
12242732671	close reading	A careful reading that is attentive to organization, figurative language, sentence structure, vocabulary, and other literary and structural elements of a text	23
12242732672	colloquial/ism	An informal or conversational use of language	24
12242732673	common ground	Shared beliefs, values, or positions	25
12242732674	complex sentence	A sentence that includes one independent clause and at least one dependent clause	26
12242732675	concession	A reluctant acknowledgement or yielding	27
12242732676	connotation	That which is implied by a word, as opposed to the word's literal meaning (see denotation)	28
12242732677	context	Words, events, or circumstances that help determine meaning	29
12242732678	coordination	Grammatical equivalence between parts of a sentence, often through a coordinating conjunction such as and, or but	30
12242732679	counterargument	A challenge to a position; an opposing argument	31
12242732680	credible	Worthy of belief; trustworthy	32
12242732681	cumulative sentence	An independent clause followed by subordinate clauses or phrases that supply additional detail	33
12242732682	declarative sentence	A sentence that makes a statement	34
12242732683	deduction	Reasoning from general to specific	35
12242732684	denotation	The literal meaning of a word; its dictionary definition	36
12242732685	dialectal journal	A double-column journal in which one writes a quotation in one column and reflections on that quotation in the other column	37
12242732686	diction	Word choice	38
12242732687	documentation	Bibliographic information about the sources used in a piece of writing	39
12242732688	elegiac	Mournful over what has passed or been lost; often used to describe tone	40
12242732689	epigram	A brief witty statement	41
12242732690	ethos	A Greek term referring to the character of a person on of Aristotle's three rhetorical appeals (see logos and pathos)	42
12242732691	explication of text	Explanation of a text's meaning through an analysis of all of its constituent parts, including the literary devices used; also called close reading	43
12242732692	facts	Information that is true or demonstrable	44
12242732693	figurative language	The use of tropes or figures of speech; going beyond literal meaning to achieve literary effect	45
12242732694	figure of speech	An expression that strives for literary effect rather than conveying a literal meaning	46
12242732695	fragment	A word, phrase, or clause that does not form a full sentence	47
12242732696	hortatory	Urging, or strongly encouraging	48
12242732697	hyperbole	Exaggeration for the purpose of emphasis	49
12242732698	imagery	Vivid use of language that evokes a reader's senses (sight, smell, taste, touch, hearing)	50
12242732699	imperative sentences	A sentence that requests or commands	51
12242732700	induction	Reasoning from specific to general	52
12242732701	inversion	A sentence in which the verb precedes the subject	53
12242732702	irony	A contradiction between what is said and what is meant; incongruity between action and result	54
12242732703	juxtaposition	Placement of two things side by side for emphasis	55
12242732704	logos	A Greek term that means "word"; an appeal to logic; one of Aristotle's three rhetorical appeals (see ethos and pathos)	56
12242732705	metaphor	A figure of speech or trope through which one thing is spoken of as though it were something else, thus making an implicit comparison	57
12242732706	metonymy	Use of an aspect of something to represent the whole	58
12242732707	modifier	A word, phrase, or clause that qualifies or describes another word, phrase, or clause	59
12242732708	narration	Retelling an event or series of events	60
12242732709	nominalization	Turning a verb or adjective into a noun	61
12242732710	occasion	An aspect of context; the cause or reason for writing	62
12242732711	omniscient narrator	An all-knowing, usually third-person narrator	63
12242732712	oxymoron	A figure of speech that combines two contradictory terms	64
12242732713	pacing	The relative speed or slowness with which a story is told or an idea is presented	65
12242732714	paradox	A statement that seems contradictory but is actually true	66
12242732715	parallelism	The repetition of similar grammatical or syntactical patterns	67
12242732716	parody	A piece that imitates and exaggerates the prominent features of another; used for comic effect or ridcule	68
12242732717	pathos	A Greek term that refers to suffering but has come to be associated with broader appeals to emotion; one of Aristotle's three rhetorical appeals (see ethos and logos)	69
12242732718	periodic sentence	A sentence that builds toward and ends with the main clause	70
12242732719	persona	The speaker, voice, or character assumed by the author of a piece of writing	71
12242732720	personification	Assigning lifelike characteristics to inanimate objects	72
12242732721	polemic	An argument against an idea, usually regarding philosophy, politics, or religion	73
12242732722	polysyndeton	The deliberate use of a series of conjunctions	74
12242732723	premise; major, minor	Two parts of a syllogism. The concluding sentence of a syllogism takes its predicate from the major premise and its subject from the minor premise Major premise: All mammals are warm-blooded Minor premise: All horses are mammals Conclusion: All horses are warm blooded (see syllogism)	75
12242732724	pronoun	A word used to replace a noun or noun phrase	76
12242732725	propaganda	A negative term for writing designed to sway opinion rather than present information	77
12242732726	purpose	One's intention or objective in a speech or piece of writing	78
12242732727	refute	To discredit an argument, particularly a counterargument	79
12242732728	rhetoric	The study of effective, persuasive language use; according to Aristotle, use of the "available means of persuasion"	80
12242732729	rhetorical modes	Patterns of organization developed to achieve a specific purpose; modes include but are not limited to narration, description, comparison and contrast, cause and effect, definition, exemplification, classification and division, process analysis, and argumentation	81
12242732730	rhetorical question	A question asked more to produce an effect than to summon an answer	82
12242732731	rhetorical triangle	A diagram that represents a rhetorical situation as the relationship among the speaker, the subject, and the audience (see Aristotelian triangle)	83
12242732732	satire	An ironic, sarcastic, or witty composition that claims to argue for something, but actually argues against it	84
12242732733	scheme	A pattern of words or sentence construction used for rhetorical effect	85
12242732734	sentence patterns	The arrangement of independent and dependent clauses into known sentence constructions -- such as simple, compound, complex, or compound-complex	86
12242732735	sentence variety	Using a variety of sentence patterns to create a desired effect	87
12242732736	simile	A figure of speech that uses "like" or "as" to compare two things	88
12242732737	simple sentence	A statement containing a subject and predicate; an independent clause	89
12242732738	source	A book, article, person, or other resource consulted for information	90
12242732739	speaker	A term used for the author, speaker, or the person whose perspective (real or imagined) is being advanced in a speech or piece of writing	91
12242732740	straw man	A logical fallacy that involves the creation of an easily refutable position; misrepresenting, then attacking an opponent's position	92
12242732741	style	The distinctive quality of speech or writing created by the selection and arrangement of words and figures of speech	93
12242732742	subject	In rhetoric, the topic addressed in a piece of writing	94
12242732743	subordinate clause	Created by a subordinating conjunction, a clause that modifies an independent clause	95
12242732744	subordination	The dependence of one syntactical element on another in a sentence	96
12242732745	syllogism	A form of deductive reasoning in which the conclusion is supported by a major and minor premise (see premise; major, and minor)	97
12242732746	syntax	Sentence structure	98
12242732747	synthesize	Combining or bringing together two or more elements to produce something more complex	99
12242732748	thesis	The central idea in a work to which all parts of the work refer	100
12242732749	thesis statement	A statement of the central idea in a work, may be explicit or implicit	101
12242732750	tone	The speaker's attitude toward the subject or audience	102
12242732751	topic sentence	A sentence, most often appearing at the beginning of a paragraph, that announces the paragraphs's idea and often unites it with the work's thesis	103
12242732752	trope	Artful diction; the use of language in a non-literal way also called a figure of speech	104
12242732753	understatement	Lack of emphasis in a statement or point; restraint in language often used for ironic effect	105
12242732754	voice	In grammar, a term for the relationship between a verb and a noun (active or passive voice). In rhetoric, a distinctive quality in the style and tone of writing	106
12242732755	zeugma	A construction in which one word (usually a verb) modifies or governs-- often in different, sometimes incongruent ways-- two or more words in a sentence	107