AP Biology Flashcards

11908103838	DNA replication	The process in which DNA makes a duplicate copy of itself.	0
11908107643	DNA polymerase III	synthesizes new DNA only in the 5' to 3' direction	1
11908114169	DNA polymerase I	Replaces RNA primers with DNA nucleotides	2
11908127967	Helicase	An enzyme that untwists the double helix of DNA at the replication forks.	3
11908131965	replication fork	A Y-shaped region on a replicating DNA molecule where the parental strands are being unwound and new strands are being synthesized.	4
11908136341	Topoisomerase	Enzyme that functions in DNA replication, helping to relieve strain in the double helix ahead of the replication fork.	5
11908142034	RNA primer	short segment of RNA used to initiate synthesis of a new strand of DNA during replication	6
11908147476	Okazaki fragments	Small fragments of DNA produced on the lagging strand during DNA replication, joined later by DNA ligase to form a complete strand.	7
11908151338	DNA ligase	an enzyme that eventually joins the sugar-phosphate backbones of the Okazaki fragments	8
11908154397	Nucleotide	monomer of nucleic acids made up of a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base	9
11908161364	Transcription	synthesis of an RNA molecule from a DNA template	10
11908165910	transcription factors	Collection of proteins that mediate the binding of RNA polymerase and the initiation of transcription.	11
11908171229	Promoter	specific region of a gene where RNA polymerase can bind and begin transcription	12
11908176182	pre-mRNA	a form of messenger RNA that contains both introns and exons	13
11908179842	exonuclease	enzyme that cleaves off nucleotides, one at a time, from the end of the RNA	14
11908190118	poly-A tail	a sequence of 50-250 adenine nucleotides added onto the 3' end of a pre-mRNA molecule	15
11908203166	3' to 5'	Direction DNA is read	16
11908215748	leading strand	The new complementary DNA strand synthesized continuously along the template strand in the mandatory 5' to 3' direction.	17
11908224489	lagging strand	A discontinuously synthesized DNA strand that elongates by means of Okazaki fragments, each synthesized in a 5' to 3' direction away from the replication fork.	18
11908233302	spliceosome	A large complex made up of proteins and RNA molecules that splices RNA by interacting with the ends of an RNA intron, releasing the intron and joining the two adjacent exons.	19
11908242057	Ribosome	site of protein synthesis	20
11908242162	AUG	start codon	21
11908245622	UAA, UAG, UGA	stop codons	22
11908253279	gene expression	The process by which information encoded in DNA directs the synthesis of proteins or, in some cases, RNAs that are not translated into proteins and instead function as RNAs.	23
11908265390	CRISPR/Cas9	a unique technology that enables geneticists and medical researchers to edit parts of the genome by removing, adding or altering sections of the DNA sequence	24
11908280566	Translation	decoding of a mRNA message into a polypeptide chain	25
11908284631	Codon	three-nucleotide sequence on messenger RNA that codes for a single amino acid	26
11908294119	Anticodon	group of three bases on a tRNA molecule that are complementary to an mRNA codon	27
11908297576	frameshift mutation	mutation that involves the insertion or deletion of a nucleotide in the DNA sequence	28
11908305444	gene mutation	a change in the base sequence of a gene	29
11908305445	chromosomal mutation	A change in the chromosome structure, resulting in new gene combinations.	30
11908315762	silent mutation	A mutation that changes a single nucleotide, but does not change the amino acid created.	31
11908320156	nonsense mutation	A mutation that changes an amino acid codon to one of the three stop codons, resulting in a shorter and usually nonfunctional protein.	32
11908325958	missense mutation	A base-pair substitution that results in a codon that codes for a different amino acid.	33
11908331443	Chaperonin	protein molecule that assists the proper folding of other proteins	34