AP Psychology Personality Flashcards

6381921001	Sigmund Freud	Founder of psychoanalysis Originally a medical doctor and found that his patients were suffering from an illness with psycho-logical causes This led him to develop theories of the unconscious mind, psycho-sexual development and Psychoanalysis	0
6381921002	Psychoanalytic Theory	Psychologist: Sigmund Freud Behavior is due to unconscious motives and conflicts Early childhood experiences determine personality	1
6381921003	Unconscious Mind	-foundation for the psychoanalytic theory -controls the phenomena of repressed feelings, automatic skills, subliminal perceptions, thoughts, habits and automatic reactions as well as possibly holding emotional complexes, phobias and desires.	2
6381921004	Id	located in the unconscious present at birth Ruled by the "Pleasure Principle" and has no values, morality, or logic (animal instincts)	3
6381921005	Ego	located in both conscious, & unconscious Developed after birth, the self Ruled by the "Reality Principle" and balances the id and superego by being organized, rational, and postponing gratification	4
6381921006	SuperEgo	located in both conscious, & unconscious developed by age 5 Ruled by the "Morality Principle" and is the opposite of the Id because it is the internal, parental voice with rules and values	5
6381921007	Free Association	A technique used to access the unconscious patient freely exposes his/her ideas, impressions, etc.	6
6381921008	Freudian Slips	Slips of the tongue that expose the unconscious	7
6381921009	Psychosexual Development	- sequential and discontinuous stages with changing erogenous zone and conflict in each stage if conflict is not successful resolved, the result is fixation O.A.P.L.G (Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, Genital)	8
6381921010	Oral stage	Age: 0-1 Erogenous Zone: Mouth Task: Oral Activities (sucking, chewing, biting, etc) Fixation: Smoking, Over-eating	9
6381921011	Anal stage	Age: 1-3 Erogenous Zone: Anus Task: Potty Training Fixation: Anal retentive or Anal Expulsive	10
6381921012	Latency stage	Age: 6 to puberty Erogenous Zone: None Task: develop relationships with same sex peers to strengthen gender identity Fixation: doesn't occur at this stage	11
6381921013	Phallic stage	Age: 3-5 Erogenous Zone: Genitals Task: Gender Identity Fixation: Narcissism, Homosexuality	12
6381921014	Genital stage	Age: Puberty to death Erogenous Zone: Genitals Task: Find a hetero-sexual relationship Fixation: doesn't occur at this stage but old conflicts will arise	13
6381921015	Penis Envy	Freudian theory that girls become upset and scarred because because they don't have a penis and a penis is a key to being successful. Phallic Stage	14
6381921016	Electra Complex	girls sexually desire dad and hate mom but need to resolve this in order to develop a gender identity Phallic Stage of Psycho-sexual Development	15
6381921017	Oedipus Complex	boys sexually desire mom and hate dad but need to resolve this in order to develop a gender identity Phallic Stage of Psycho-sexual Development	16
6381921018	Defense mechanisms	- extreme measures protect the ego from threats; operate unconsciously and deny, falsify, or distinct reality - not successful coping strategies because they do not remove stressors	17
6381921019	Neo-Freudians	Jung, Horney, Adler Believed that Freud put too much emphasis on sex and there needed to be more emphasis on social factors	18
6381921020	Collective unconscious	Psychologist: Carl Jung Defined: A warehouse of "instinctive memories" passed down to each generation and all humans share and is made up of archetypes	19
6381921021	Archetypes	Defined: Inherited universal concepts that create the Collective Unconscious Examples: Anima v. Animus, Mother v. Father, Persona v. Shadow, Hero v. Villain	20
6381921022	Basic Anxiety	Psychologist: Karen Horney anxiety that is created by being born helpless. Most overcome this, those who don't develop neurotic personalities- aggressive, compliant, or withdrawn	21
6381921023	Womb envy	Psychologist: Karen Horney Defined: women do not suffer from "penis envy" but are envious of male's superior status. Men are envious of a women's ability to have children and therefore, they compensate with other forms of achievement.	22
6381921024	Inferiority Complex	Psychologist: Alfred Adler Defined: people who compensate for feelings of inferiority (feeling like they're less than other people, not as good as others, worthless, etc.) by acting ways that make them appear superior.	23
6381921025	Projective Tests	Description: Provide ambiguous stimuli in order to trigger the projection of one's inner dynamics Strengths: Provide lots of information Weaknesses: highly subjective and has low reliability Tests: Rorschach Inkblot Test, & Thematic Apperception Test (TAT), Draw a Person test	24
6381921026	Rorschach Inkblot Test	seeks to identify people's inner feelings and conflicts by analyzing their interpretations of 10 inkblots. Critics question the validity and reliability of the tests.	25
6381921027	Thematic Apperception Test	people view ambiguous pictures and then make up stories about them. Presumably, their accounts reflect their interests and inner feelings.	26
6381921028	Humanistic Psychologists	Carl Rogers, Abraham Maslow Description: People develop their personality by trying to reach their full potential Strengths: model was built in a therapy setting Weaknesses: concepts are vague and subjective, individualistic and western based and naive because it fails to appreciate the reality of our capacity for evil	27
6381921029	Self-Concept	Psychologist: Carl Rogers Goal: Actualizing Tendency (full potential) Theory: A person has who they are, Real Self, and who they want to be, Ideal Self and a successful persoanlity has congruence People need genuineness (honesty), unconditional positive regard (love), and empathy (understanding) to develop a good persoanlity	28
6381921030	Congruence	A person's Real Self and Ideal Self can merge together Part of Roger's Self-Concept Theory	29
6381921031	Incongruence	When a person's Real Self and Ideal self do not match, causing anxiety. Part of Roger's Self-Concept Theory	30
6381921032	Unconditional positive regard	Defined: receiving acceptance, value, and love from others without requirements Part of Roger's Self-Concept theory in which he says it is necessary to receive from others in order to develop a healthy personality	31
6381921033	Empathy	People will try to understand one's feelings and mirror it back to them Part of Roger's Self-Concept theory in which he says it is necessary to receive from others in order to develop a healthy personality	32
6381921034	Hierarchy of Needs	Psychologist: Abraham Maslow Description: Pyramid	33
6381921035	Trait Theories	Description: focuses on identifying how people typically behave but does NOT explain how personality developed Strengths: based on empirical evidence with factor analysis Weaknesses: people might behave differently based on the situation they are experiencing Tests: 16 Personality Factors (16 PF), 3 Dimensions, and Myers Briggs	34
6381921036	Factor analysis	- a statistical procedure that identifies common factors among groups of items, to simplify a long list of items into a small number of dimensions -used with trait theories	35
6381921037	Self-Report Inventories	Description: a questionnaire which is used to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors Strengths: empirically derived Weaknesses: social desirability-people can lie and manipulate the information Tests: MMPI, CPI, 16 PF	36
6381921038	MMPI	Most extensively researched personality inventory. Used to assess mental health professions (police, nurses, doctors, pilots)	37
6381921039	Big Five Trait Theory	Psychologists: McCrae and Costa Description: OCEAN or CANOE Significance: traits are stable in adulthood, heritability accounts for 50% of personality and can be used to predict other personal attributes	38
6381921040	Openess	characteristics such as imagination and insight, and those high in this trait also tend to have a broad range of interests	39
6381921041	Conscientiousness	include high levels of thoughtfulness, with good impulse control and goal-directed behaviors.	40
6381921042	Extraversion	characterized by excitability, sociability, talkativeness, assertiveness and high amounts of emotional expressivenes	41
6381921043	Agreeableness	includes attributes such as trust, altruism, kindness, affection and other pro-social behaviors.	42
6381921044	Neuroticism	characterized by sadness, moodiness and emotional instability	43
6381921045	Social Cognitive Approach to Personality	Description: Personality is influenced between the interaction of a person's traits (including their thinking) and their social context Strengths: based on empirical evidence Weaknesses: minimizes the importance of one's inner traits, emotions, and unconscious motives Examples: Reciprocal Determinism, Locus of Control Psychologists: Bandura	44
6381921046	Reciprocal determinism	Psychologist: Bandura Defined: Personality is developed by the interaction of behavioral, cognitive, and environmental factors. How it works: Everyone has a "self-system" of skills abilities and attitudes Self-Efficacy is what can change the system	45
6381921047	External Locus of Control	The perception that chance or outside forces beyond your personal control determine your fate Effects: Pessimism and often learned helplesses	46
6381921048	Internal Locus of Control	The perception that you control your own fate Effects: Optimism Optimism leads to longer lives with less illnesses but excessive optimism can also lead us to be blind to risks and overconfidence	47
6381921049	Self- efficacy	Defined: the belief in your own ability to deal with different situations and accomplish specific goals It is NOT self esteem which is your general sense of self worth Consequences: people with high self-efficacy are able to succeed because they have an internal locus of control	48
6381921050	Compensation	Defense Mechanism where people try to overcome feelings of inferiority in one area by striving to be superior in another area Major part of Alfred Adler's theory	49